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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">periodontology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Пародонтология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Parodontologiya</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1683-3759</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1726-7269</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Periodontal Association (RPA)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33925/1683-3759-2025-1091</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">periodontology-1091</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оценка изменений деминерализации в тканях моляров in vitro на основании результатов частотных характеристик импеданса</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Evaluation of demineralization changes in molar tissues in vitro using electrical impedance spectroscopy</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6627-4723</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гончаров</surname><given-names>В. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Goncharov</surname><given-names>V. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гончаров Вадим Дмитриевич, доктор технических наук, профессор кафедры теоретических основ электротехники</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vadim D. Goncharov, PhD, DSc, Professor, Department of the Theoretical Foundations of Electrical Engineering</p><p>Saint Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vdgoncharov@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8640-4609</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гореликова</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorelikova</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гореликова Мария Андреевна, ассистент кафедры теоретических основ электротехники</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maria A. Gorelikova, Assistant Professor, Department of the Theoretical Foundations of Electrical Engineering</p><p>Saint Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gorelikovam27@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3022-3665</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шадрина</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shadrina</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шадрина Кристина Вадимовна, ассистент кафедры стоматологии терапевтической и пародонтологии</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kristina V. Shadrina, DMD, Assistant Professor, Department of the Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology</p><p>Saint Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shadrina192@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8026-0800</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Орехова</surname><given-names>Л. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Orekhova</surname><given-names>L. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Орехова Людмила Юрьевна, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой стоматологии терапевтической и пародонтологии; почетный президент Российской пародонтологической ассоциации, генеральный директор ООО «Городской пародонтологический центр ПАКС»</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Liudmila Yu. Orekhova, DMD, PhD, DSc, Professor, Head of the Department Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Honorary President of the RPA, general manager of City Periodontal Center "PAKS" Ltd.</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">prof_orekhova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7562-4997</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Березкин</surname><given-names>В. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Berezkin</surname><given-names>V. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Березкин Виктор Дмитриевич, студент 5 курса стоматологического факультета</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Victor D. Berezkin, 5th year student, Dental School</p><p>Saint Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">victorberezkin.spb@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4962-617X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Немовская</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nemovskaya</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Немовская Елена Сергеевна, студентка 5 курса стоматологического факультета</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena S. Nemovskaya, 5th year student, Dental School</p><p>Saint Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lenanemovskaa@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8813-4577</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петров</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Петров Александр Александрович, кандидат медицинских наук, ассистент кафедры стоматологии терапевтической и пародонтологии</p><p>197000, ул. Льва Толстого, д. 6-8, г. Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander A. Petrov, DMD, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of the Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology</p><p>6 Lev Tolstoy Str., Saint Petersburg, 197022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">paa_stom@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский государственный электротехнический университет «ЛЭТИ» имени В. И. Ульянова (Ленина)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint Petersburg State Electrotechnical University "LETI"</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И. П. Павлова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>First Saint Petersburg State Medical University named after academician I. P. Pavlov</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>254</fpage><lpage>265</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гончаров В.Д., Гореликова М.А., Шадрина К.В., Орехова Л.Ю., Березкин В.Д., Немовская Е.С., Петров А.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гончаров В.Д., Гореликова М.А., Шадрина К.В., Орехова Л.Ю., Березкин В.Д., Немовская Е.С., Петров А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Goncharov V.D., Gorelikova M.A., Shadrina K.V., Orekhova L.Y., Berezkin V.D., Nemovskaya E.S., Petrov A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.parodont.ru/jour/article/view/1091">https://www.parodont.ru/jour/article/view/1091</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Ранняя диагностика кариеса является важным элементом профилактики заболеваний пародонта и поддержания общего стоматологического здоровья. Одним из возможных методов определения патологических процессов в тканях зуба является исследование его частотных характеристик.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Разработка методики, позволяющей использовать результаты исследований частотных характеристик импеданса эмали для количественной оценки изменений, произошедших в тканях моляра при разной глубине поражения кариозного процесса.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследования проводились in vitro на 15 интактных молярах. Для измерения комплексного сопротивления использовался измеритель импеданса Е7-20, позволяющий проводить измерения в частотном диапазоне до 1 МГц. Измерения проводились до и после искусственной деминерализации в одной и той же области зуба.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Установлено влияние деминерализации эмали на частотные характеристики импеданса моляров in vitro. Предложена эквивалентная электрическая схема замещения, позволяющая описать электромагнитные процессы в отдельных тканях зуба. Экспериментальные результаты и численные эксперименты, выполненные с использованием эквивалентной электрической схемы замещения, позволили определить значения параметров отдельных элементов этой схемы до и после деминерализации. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о том, что экспериментально полученные изменения в частотных характеристиках связаны с изменением активного и емкостного сопротивления только эмали зуба и не затрагивают параметры дентина. Характер изменений, возникающих при деминерализации эмали, можно объяснить увеличением ее пористости.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. С помощью измеренных частотных характеристик импеданса и значений параметров эквивалентных электрических схем замещения зуба можно определять, в каких тканях зуба произошли изменения, что позволяет использовать спектроскопию импеданса для определения начальных процессов деминерализации эмали.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Relevance</title><p>Relevance. Early diagnosis of dental caries plays a key role in preventing periodontal diseases and supporting overall oral health. One promising approach for detecting pathological changes in dental tissues is electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), based on analysis of their frequency-dependent impedance characteristics.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. To develop a methodology that applies impedance spectroscopy for the quantitative assessment of tissue changes in molars at varying depths of carious lesions.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study was conducted in vitro on 15 intact molars. Complex impedance was measured using an E7-20 impedance analyzer operating in the frequency range up to 1 MHz. Measurements were performed in the same region of each tooth before and after artificial demineralization.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Enamel demineralization was found to affect the frequency-dependent impedance characteristics of molars in vitro. An equivalent electrical circuit was proposed to model the electrical processes in individual dental tissues. Experimental data, together with numerical simulations based on the equivalent circuit, enabled determination of circuit parameters before and after demineralization. The results indicate that the observed changes in impedance spectra are attributable to alterations in the resistive and capacitive properties of enamel, while the parameters of dentin remained unaffected. These changes can be explained by increased enamel porosity resulting from demineralization.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Analysis of frequency-dependent impedance characteristics and equivalent circuit parameters provides a means of identifying which dental tissues have undergone changes. These findings support the potential of impedance spectroscopy as a diagnostic tool for detecting early enamel demineralization.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кариес</kwd><kwd>импеданс</kwd><kwd>частотные характеристики</kwd><kwd>схемы замещения</kwd><kwd>деминерализация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>dental caries</kwd><kwd>impedance spectroscopy</kwd><kwd>frequency-dependent characteristics</kwd><kwd>equivalent electrical circuits</kwd><kwd>enamel demineralization</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке Фонда содействия инновациям по конкурсу «УМНИК – Проектная команда. Электроника» (очередь II).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by the Foundation for Assistance to Small Innovative Enterprises (FASIE) under the UMNIK – Project Team. Electronics program (second round).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Y, Xiang Y, Ren H, Zhang C, Hu Z, Leng W, Xia L. Association between periodontitis and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Oral Investigations. 2024;28(6):306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-024-05687-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Y, Xiang Y, Ren H, Zhang C, Hu Z, Leng W, Xia L. Association between periodontitis and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 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