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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">periodontology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Пародонтология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Parodontologiya</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1683-3759</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1726-7269</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Periodontal Association (RPA)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33925/1683-3759-2025-1152</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">periodontology-1153</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Характеристика изменений микрофлоры полости рта при ковидной инфекции (обзор литературы)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Characteristics of oral microbiota alterations in COVID-19: a literature review</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0889-6216</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хамзина</surname><given-names>Г. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khamzina</surname><given-names>G. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хамзина Гульнара Ринатовна, кандидат медицинских наук, ассистент кафедры терапевтической стоматологии</p><p>450008, ул. Ленина, д. 3, Уфа</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gulnara R. Hamzina, DMD, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of the Restorative Dentistry</p><p>3, Lenina Str., Ufa, 450008</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">stomat.gkb8@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0372-8617</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кабирова</surname><given-names>М. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kabirova</surname><given-names>M. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кабирова Миляуша Фаузиевна, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, проректор по стратегическому развитию</p><p>Уфа</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Milyausha F. Kabirova, DMD, PhD, DSc, Professor, Vice-Rector for Strategic Development</p><p>Ufa</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Башкирский государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Bashkir State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>19</fpage><lpage>29</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Хамзина Г.Р., Кабирова М.Ф., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хамзина Г.Р., Кабирова М.Ф.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khamzina G.R., Kabirova M.F.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.parodont.ru/jour/article/view/1153">https://www.parodont.ru/jour/article/view/1153</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Представлен анализ научных данных, посвященных изменениям микрофлоры ротовой полости на фоне COVID-19. Вирус SARS-CoV-2, вызывающий коронавирусную инфекцию, способен влиять на изменение состава микробиоты полости рта, способствуя дисбиозу и прогрессированию воспалительных процессов. Микроорганизмы микробиома ротовой полости могут быть потенциальными биомаркерами в восприимчивости к инфекции и тяжести ее течения. Установлено, что у пациентов, перенесших COVID-19, наблюдается существенное снижение уровня секреторного иммуноглобулина А (IgA) в слюне и ротовой жидкости по сравнению с не болевшими. Эти данные подчеркивают необходимость дальнейшего изучения влияния коронавируса на микроэкологию полости рта и разработки соответствующих клинических рекомендаций.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Для обзора проведен систематический поиск литературы в PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, eLIBRARY и Google Scholar (2020–2024 гг.) с ключевыми словами на русском и английском: «микрофлора», «полость рта», «ковид», «коронавирус», «oral microbiota», «COVID-19» и др. Ручной поиск выполнен в профильных журналах и по спискам литературы, отбор и анализ источников – по PRISMA. Обзор литературы охватывает период с 2002 по 2024 год, при этом основное внимание уделено исследованиям, проведенным с начала пандемии COVID-19 в 2020 году, непосредственно связанным с ксеростомическим синдромом и стоматологическими заболеваниями. Включены оригинальные исследования, обзоры и метаанализы с полным текстом и четким описанием методов, отражающие влияние микрофлоры на течение COVID-19 и состояние пациентов. Исключены статьи без данных о микрофлоре полости рта, не связанные с COVID-19, без полного текста или с дублирующимися данными.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Современные исследования показывают, что ковидная инфекция приводит к патологическим изменениям в полости рта и нарушает микробиоту. Отмечается рост условно-патогенных бактерий (Streptococcus, Prevotella, Aggregatibacter и др.) при одновременном снижении числа полезных микроорганизмов. Нарушения касаются и грибкового компонента: уменьшается количество Candida и Saccharomyces spp. Некоторые микроорганизмы, например, Fusobacterium nucleatum, способны усиливать инфекцию, повышая экспрессию ACE2 и стимулируя воспалительный ответ. Изменения микробиоты и слизистых оболочек рта при COVID-19 не только ухудшают состояние полости рта, но и могут усиливать течение болезни. Микроорганизмы рассматриваются как потенциальные биомаркеры для диагностики и мониторинга инфекции.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Изменения микрофлоры ротовой полости не являются первичными проявлениями COVID-19 и в основном связаны с медикаментозной терапией. COVID-19 изменяет состав слюны и микробиоты полости рта, что может вызывать стоматологические проблемы и влиять на течение заболевания. Некоторые бактерии усиливают инфекцию (например, Fusobacterium nucleatum), а другие способны ее подавлять (P. gingivalis). Микробиом рта может служить как маркером тяжести COVID-19, так и активным участником его патогенеза.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Relevance</title><p>Relevance. This review examines current evidence on COVID-19–related changes in the oral microbiota. SARS-CoV-2 may affect the composition of the oral microbial community, contributing to dysbiosis and the development of inflammatory changes. Accordingly, alterations in the oral microbiome may serve as potential biomarkers of susceptibility to infection and disease severity. Previous studies have shown that patients who have recovered from COVID-19 exhibit a significant reduction in salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels compared with individuals without a history of the disease. These findings highlight the need for further investigation into the impact of coronavirus infection on oral microecology and for the development of appropriate clinical recommendations.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. A systematic literature search was performed in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, eLIBRARY.ru, and Google Scholar databases using Russianand English-language keywords, including “microflora”, “oral cavity”, “COVID”, “coronavirus”, “oral microbiota”, and “COVID-19”. The review covered publications from 2002 to 2024, with particular emphasis on studies published since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 that focused on xerostomia and oral diseases. Additional manual searches were conducted in relevant journals and reference lists. Study selection and data analysis were carried out in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Original research articles, narrative reviews, and meta-analyses with full-text availability and clearly described methodologies were included, provided they examined the role of the oral microbiota in COVID-19 and its clinical manifestations. Studies without data on oral microbiota, unrelated to COVID-19, lacking full-text access, or containing duplicate data were excluded.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Recent studies indicate that COVID-19 is is associated with oral pathological changes and disruption of the oral microbiota. An increase in opportunistic microorganisms, including Streptococcus, Prevotella, and Aggregatibacter, has been reported, alongside a reduction in beneficial microbial species. Alterations have also been observed in the fungal component of the microbiome, with decreased abundance of Candida and Saccharomyces spp. ertain microorganisms, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, may exacerbate disease severity by increasing ACE2 expression and promoting inflammatory responses. COVID-19–related changes in the oral microbiota and oral mucosal tissues not only compromise oral health but may also contribute to greater disease severity. In this context, oral microorganisms are increasingly regarded as potential biomarkers for infection diagnosis and monitoring.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Alterations in the oral microbiota are not considered primary manifestations of COVID-19 and are largely attributable to medication-related effects. Nevertheless, COVID-19 can modify salivary composition and disrupt the oral microbiome, potentially contributing to the development of oral diseases and influencing disease progression. Certain bacterial species may enhance infection (e.g., Fusobacterium nucleatum), whereas others may exhibit inhibitory effects (e.g., Porphyromonas gingivalis). Overall, the oral microbiome may serve both as an indicator of COVID-19 severity and as an active participant in its pathogenesis. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микрофлора полости рта</kwd><kwd>ковидная инфекция</kwd><kwd>коронавирусная инфекция</kwd><kwd>секреторный IgA</kwd><kwd>дисбиоз полости рта</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>oral microbiota</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>secretory IgA (SIgA)</kwd><kwd>oral dysbiosis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Леонов ГЕ, Стародубова АВ. Роль микробиоты ротовой полости в развитии заболеваний желудочно-кишечного тракта. 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