<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">periodontology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Пародонтология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Parodontologiya</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1683-3759</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1726-7269</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Periodontal Association (RPA)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33925/1683-3759-2026-1210</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">periodontology-1210</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ограниченность линейных статистических методов в анализе взаимосвязей стоматологического статуса и соматического здоровья пациента</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Limitations of linear statistical methods for detecting associations between dental status and systemic patient’s health</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0622-6866</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шефов</surname><given-names>В. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shefov</surname><given-names>V. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шефов Владимир Юрьевич, кандидат медицинских наук, ассистент кафедры стоматологии терапевтической и пародонтологии </p><p>197000, ул. Льва Толстого, д. 6-8, г. Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir Yu. Shefov, DMD, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of the Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology</p><p>6-8 Lvovskaya Str., Saint Petersburg, 197000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shefov1998@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8026-0800</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Орехова</surname><given-names>Л. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Orekhova</surname><given-names>L. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Орехова Людмила Юрьевна, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой стоматологии терапевтической и пародонтологии </p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Liudmila Yu. Orekhova, DMD, PhD, DSc, Professor, Head of the Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">prof_orekhova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1094-7209</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лобода</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Loboda</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лобода Екатерина Сергеевна, кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры стоматологии терапевтической и пародонтологии </p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina S. Loboda, DMD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of the Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Ekaterina.loboda@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6912-8027</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шефова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shefova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шефова Анастасия Владимировна, аспирант кафедры стоматологии детского возраста и ортодонтии </p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasia V. Shefova, DMD, PhD Student, Department of the Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lav61299@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И. П. Павлова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>61</fpage><lpage>76</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шефов В.Ю., Орехова Л.Ю., Лобода Е.С., Шефова А.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шефов В.Ю., Орехова Л.Ю., Лобода Е.С., Шефова А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shefov V.Y., Orekhova L.Y., Loboda E.S., Shefova A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.parodont.ru/jour/article/view/1210">https://www.parodont.ru/jour/article/view/1210</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Индекс КПУ   остается   основным   инструментом   эпидемиологической   оценки   активности кариозного поражения, однако, являясь суммарным показателем, он не учитывает пространственную структуру поражения зубного ряда – локализацию кариеса, характер поражения, симметрию и сложные комбинаторные паттерны. Между тем связь стоматологического и соматического здоровья подтверждена многочисленными метаанализами на когортах в десятки тысяч человек. До настоящего времени практически отсутствуют исследования, применяющие детализированные стоматологические признаки (на уровне отдельных зубов и их групп) для выявления связей с соматическим здоровьем, а стандартные статистические методы, оперирующие попарными линейными ассоциациями, могут оказаться неспособными обнаружить нелинейные и контекстно-зависимые закономерности. Цель: систематическая оценка способности стандартных статистических методов выявлять клинически значимые связи между детализированными стоматологическими признаками показателями соматического здоровья по сравнению с большими языковыми моделями (LLM).</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Разработана оригинальная цифровая медицинская анкета рукописного кода (133 поля, 9 модулей), развернутая на платформе Amvera Cloud (Яндекс). Обследованы 127 последовательных пациентов на базе ООО «Компания Видент» (Санкт-Петербург). На основании зубной формулы (32 зуба × 4 статуса) и анамнеза получен 121 производный признак в 11 категориях. Выполнено более 2420 попарных тестов с коррекцией Бонферрони и Бенжамин-Хохберг FDR (q = 0,05). Обезличенные данные загружены в большую языковую модель для поиска нелинейных паттернов.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Критерий Манна – Уитни (1815 тестов) и точечно-бисериальная корреляция не дали ни одной значимой ассоциации. Логистическая регрессия с 12 стоматологическими признаками показала AUC = 0,43–0,61; добавление стоматологических признаков к возрасту не улучшило предсказательную способность модели (ΔAUC = −0,15…+0,02). Из 25 целенаправленных клинических гипотез подтверждены лишь 2 (8%, что сопоставимо с уровнем ложноположительных). Большая языковая модель на тех же данных выявила 4 нелинейных паттерна: пороговый эффект курения (ρpart = 0,228, p = 0,010 при отсутствии линейной связи p = 0,653), контекстную ассоциацию асимметрии удаленных зубов с ССЗ и приемом антикоагулянтов, нелинейный порог коморбидности при соотношении У/П &gt; 1,0 и клинически интерпретируемые кластеры.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Проведенное исследование показало, что стандартные линейные статистические методы не способны выявить клинически значимые связи между конкретными стоматологическими паттернами и показателями соматического здоровья. Полученные результаты обосновывают необходимость разработки специализированных нейросетевых моделей, способных обрабатывать зубную формулу как пространственную структуру и обнаруживать многофакторные нелинейные закономерности.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Relevance</title><p>Relevance. The DMFT index remains the principal epidemiological measure of caries experience. However, as a summary measure, it does not capture the spatial distribution of lesions within the dentition, including their location, symmetry, or complex patterns across individual teeth and tooth groups. Although numerous meta-analyses based on large cohorts have demonstrated links between oral and systemic health, few studies have used detailed dental variables derived from individual teeth and tooth groups to identify such associations. Conventional statistical methods based on pairwise linear associations may therefore be insufficient to detect nonlinear and contextdependent patterns. Objective: To systematically evaluate the ability of conventional statistical methods to detect clinically meaningful associations between detailed dental variables and systemic health indicators, in comparison with large language models (LLMs).</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. An original digital medical questionnaire was developed, comprising 133 fields across 9 modules, and implemented on the Amvera Cloud (Yandex) platform. A total of 127 consecutive patients were examined at Vident Company LLC (St. Petersburg). Based on the dental chart (32 teeth × 4 statuses) and medical history data, 121 derived variables were generated across 11 categories. More than 2,420 pairwise tests were performed using Bonferroni correction and Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate control (q = 0.05). De-identified data were then uploaded to a large language model to explore nonlinear patterns.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Neither the Mann-Whitney U test (1,815 tests) nor point-biserial correlation identified any significant associations. Logistic regression based on 12 dental variables yielded an AUC of 0.43-0.61. Adding dental variables to age did not improve predictive performance (ΔAUC = -0.15 to +0.02). Of 25 prespecified clinical hypotheses, only 2 were confirmed (8%), a proportion comparable to the expected false-positive rate. In contrast, the large language model identified four nonlinear patterns in the same dataset: a threshold effect of smoking (ρpart = 0.228, p = 0.010, despite the absence of a significant linear association, p = 0.653), a context-dependent association between asymmetry in missing teeth, cardiovascular disease, and anticoagulant use, a nonlinear comorbidity threshold at an M/F ratio &gt; 1.0, and clinically interpretable clusters.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Conventional linear statistical methods appear insufficient for detecting clinically meaningful associations between specific dental patterns and systemic health indicators. These findings support the development of specialized neural network models capable of processing the dental chart as a spatial structure and identifying multifactorial nonlinear patterns.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>КПУ-индекс</kwd><kwd>зубная формула</kwd><kwd>соматическое здоровье</kwd><kwd>нелинейные закономерности</kwd><kwd>множественные сравнения</kwd><kwd>большие языковые модели</kwd><kwd>нейросетевые модели</kwd><kwd>цифровая стоматология</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>DMFT index</kwd><kwd>dental chart</kwd><kwd>systemic health</kwd><kwd>nonlinear patterns</kwd><kwd>multiple comparisons</kwd><kwd>large language&#13;
models</kwd><kwd>neural network models</kwd><kwd>digital dentistry</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thurzo A, Urbanová W, Novák B, Czako L, Siebert T, Stano P, et al. Where Is the Artificial Intelligence Applied in Dentistry? Systematic Review and Literature Analysis. Healthcare. 2022;10(7):1269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10071269</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thurzo A, Urbanová W, Novák B, Czako L, Siebert T, Stano P, et al. Where Is the Artificial Intelligence Applied in Dentistry? Systematic Review and Literature Analysis. Healthcare. 2022;10(7):1269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10071269</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schwendicke F, Samek W, Krois J. Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry: Chances and Challenges. J Dent Res. 2020;99(7):769-774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034520915714</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schwendicke F, Samek W, Krois J. Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry: Chances and Challenges. J Dent Res. 2020;99(7):769-774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034520915714</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khanagar SB, Al-Ehaideb A, Maganur PC, Vishwanathaiah S, Patil S, Baeshen HA, et al. Developments, application, and performance of artificial intelligence in dentistry – A systematic review. J Dent Sci. 2021;16(1):508-522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jds.2020.06.019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khanagar SB, Al-Ehaideb A, Maganur PC, Vishwanathaiah S, Patil S, Baeshen HA, et al. Developments, application, and performance of artificial intelligence in dentistry – A systematic review. J Dent Sci. 2021;16(1):508-522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jds.2020.06.019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahmed N, Abbasi MS, Zuberi F, Qamar W, Halim MSB, Maqsood A, et al. Artificial Intelligence Techniques: Analysis, Application, and Outcome in Dentistry – A Systematic Review. Biomed Res Int. 2021;1:9751564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9751564</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahmed N, Abbasi MS, Zuberi F, Qamar W, Halim MSB, Maqsood A, et al. Artificial Intelligence Techniques: Analysis, Application, and Outcome in Dentistry – A Systematic Review. Biomed Res Int. 2021;1:9751564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9751564</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee JH, Kim DH, Jeong SN, Choi SH. Detection and diagnosis of dental caries using a deep learning-based convolutional neural network algorithm. J Dent. 2018;77:106-111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2018.07.015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee JH, Kim DH, Jeong SN, Choi SH. Detection and diagnosis of dental caries using a deep learning-based convolutional neural network algorithm. J Dent. 2018;77:106-111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2018.07.015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mohammad-Rahimi H, Motamedian SR, Rohban MH, Krois J, Uribe SE, Mahmoudinia E, et al. Deep learning for caries detection: A systematic review. J Dent. 2022;122:104115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104115</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mohammad-Rahimi H, Motamedian SR, Rohban MH, Krois J, Uribe SE, Mahmoudinia E, et al. Deep learning for caries detection: A systematic review. J Dent. 2022;122:104115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104115</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mertens S, Krois J, Cantu AG, Arsiwala LT, Schwendicke F. Artificial intelligence for caries detection: Randomized trial. J Dent. 2021;115:103849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103849</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mertens S, Krois J, Cantu AG, Arsiwala LT, Schwendicke F. Artificial intelligence for caries detection: Randomized trial. J Dent. 2021;115:103849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103849</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lian L, Zhu T, Zhu F, Zhu H. Deep Learning for Caries Detection and Classification. Diagnostics. 2021;11(9):1672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11091672</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lian L, Zhu T, Zhu F, Zhu H. Deep Learning for Caries Detection and Classification. Diagnostics. 2021;11(9):1672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11091672</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reyes LT, Knorst JK, Ortiz FR, Ardenghi TM. Machine Learning in the Diagnosis and Prognostic Prediction of Dental Caries: A Systematic Review. Caries Res. 2022;56(3):161-170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000524167</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reyes LT, Knorst JK, Ortiz FR, Ardenghi TM. Machine Learning in the Diagnosis and Prognostic Prediction of Dental Caries: A Systematic Review. Caries Res. 2022;56(3):161-170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000524167</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Revilla-León M, Gómez-Polo M, Barmak AB, Inam W, Kan JYK, Kois JC, et al. Artificial intelligence models for diagnosing gingivitis and periodontal disease: A systematic review. J Prosthet Dent. 2023;130(6):816-824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.01.026</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Revilla-León M, Gómez-Polo M, Barmak AB, Inam W, Kan JYK, Kois JC, et al. Artificial intelligence models for diagnosing gingivitis and periodontal disease: A systematic review. J Prosthet Dent. 2023;130(6):816-824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.01.026</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patel JS, Su C, Tellez M, Albandar JM, Rao R, Iyer V, et al. Developing and testing a prediction model for periodontal disease using machine learning and big electronic dental record data. Front Artif Intell. 2022;5:979525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frai.2022.979525</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patel JS, Su C, Tellez M, Albandar JM, Rao R, Iyer V, et al. Developing and testing a prediction model for periodontal disease using machine learning and big electronic dental record data. Front Artif Intell. 2022;5:979525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frai.2022.979525</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pang L, Wang K, Tao Y, Zhi Q, Zhang J, Lin H. A New Model for Caries Risk Prediction in Teenagers Using a Machine Learning Algorithm Based on Environmental and Genetic Factors. Front Genet. 2021;12:636867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2021.636867</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pang L, Wang K, Tao Y, Zhi Q, Zhang J, Lin H. A New Model for Caries Risk Prediction in Teenagers Using a Machine Learning Algorithm Based on Environmental and Genetic Factors. Front Genet. 2021;12:636867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2021.636867</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qu X, Zhang C, Houser SH, Zhang J, Zou J, Zhang W, et al. Prediction model for early childhood caries risk based on behavioral determinants using a machine learning algorithm. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2022;227:107221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.107221</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qu X, Zhang C, Houser SH, Zhang J, Zou J, Zhang W, et al. Prediction model for early childhood caries risk based on behavioral determinants using a machine learning algorithm. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2022;227:107221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.107221</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hung M, Voss MW, Rosales MN, Li W, Su W, Xu J, et al. Application of machine learning for diagnostic prediction of root caries. Gerodontology. 2019;36(4):395-404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ger.12432</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hung M, Voss MW, Rosales MN, Li W, Su W, Xu J, et al. Application of machine learning for diagnostic prediction of root caries. Gerodontology. 2019;36(4):395-404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ger.12432</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang H, Zheng O, Wang D, Yin J, Wang Z, Ding S, et al. ChatGPT for shaping the future of dentistry: the potential of multi-modal large language model. Int J Oral Sci. 2023;15(1):29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41368-023-00239-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang H, Zheng O, Wang D, Yin J, Wang Z, Ding S, et al. ChatGPT for shaping the future of dentistry: the potential of multi-modal large language model. Int J Oral Sci. 2023;15(1):29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41368-023-00239-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giannakopoulos K, Kavadella A, Aaqel Salim A, Stamatopoulos V, Kaklamanos EG. Evaluation of the Performance of Generative AI Large Language Models ChatGPT, Google Bard, and Microsoft Bing Chat in Supporting Evidence-Based Dentistry: Comparative Mixed Methods Study. J Med Internet Res. 2023;25:e51580. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/51580</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giannakopoulos K, Kavadella A, Aaqel Salim A, Stamatopoulos V, Kaklamanos EG. Evaluation of the Performance of Generative AI Large Language Models ChatGPT, Google Bard, and Microsoft Bing Chat in Supporting Evidence-Based Dentistry: Comparative Mixed Methods Study. J Med Internet Res. 2023;25:e51580. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/51580</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu M, Okuhara T, Huang W, Ogihara A, Nagao HS, Okada H, et al. Large Language Models in Dental Licensing Examinations: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int Dent J. 2025;75(1):213-222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.identj.2024.10.014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu M, Okuhara T, Huang W, Ogihara A, Nagao HS, Okada H, et al. Large Language Models in Dental Licensing Examinations: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int Dent J. 2025;75(1):213-222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.identj.2024.10.014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Umer F, Batool I, Naved N. Innovation and application of Large Language Models (LLMs) in dentistry – a scoping review. BDJ Open. 2024;10(1):90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41405-024-00277-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Umer F, Batool I, Naved N. Innovation and application of Large Language Models (LLMs) in dentistry – a scoping review. BDJ Open. 2024;10(1):90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41405-024-00277-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahmed Z, Degroat W, Abdelhalim H, Zeeshan S, Fine D. Deciphering genomic signatures associating human dental oral craniofacial diseases with cardiovascular diseases using machine learning approaches. Clin Oral Investig. 2024;28(1):52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00784-023-05406-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahmed Z, Degroat W, Abdelhalim H, Zeeshan S, Fine D. Deciphering genomic signatures associating human dental oral craniofacial diseases with cardiovascular diseases using machine learning approaches. Clin Oral Investig. 2024;28(1):52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00784-023-05406-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pietropaoli D, Monaco A, D'Aiuto F, Muñoz Aguilera E, Ortu E, Giannoni M, et al. Active gingival inflammation is linked to hypertension. J Hypertens. 2020;38(10):2018-2027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000002514</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pietropaoli D, Monaco A, D'Aiuto F, Muñoz Aguilera E, Ortu E, Giannoni M, et al. Active gingival inflammation is linked to hypertension. J Hypertens. 2020;38(10):2018-2027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000002514</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ben-Assuli O, Bar O, Geva G, Siri S, Tzur D, Almoznino G. Body Mass Index and Caries: Machine Learning and Statistical Analytics of the Dental, Oral, Medical Epidemiological (DOME) Nationwide Big Data Study. Metabolites. 2022;13(1):37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo13010037</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ben-Assuli O, Bar O, Geva G, Siri S, Tzur D, Almoznino G. Body Mass Index and Caries: Machine Learning and Statistical Analytics of the Dental, Oral, Medical Epidemiological (DOME) Nationwide Big Data Study. Metabolites. 2022;13(1):37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo13010037</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yadalam PK, Arumuganainar D, Ronsivalle V, Di Blasio M, Badnjevic A, Marrapodi MM, et al. Prediction of interactomic hub genes in PBMC cells in type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and periodontitis. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12903-024-04041-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yadalam PK, Arumuganainar D, Ronsivalle V, Di Blasio M, Badnjevic A, Marrapodi MM, et al. Prediction of interactomic hub genes in PBMC cells in type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and periodontitis. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12903-024-04041-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Broadbent JM, Thomson WM. For debate: problems with the DMF index pertinent to dental caries data analysis. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2005;33(6):400-409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.2005.00259.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Broadbent JM, Thomson WM. For debate: problems with the DMF index pertinent to dental caries data analysis. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2005;33(6):400-409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.2005.00259.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nguyen TM, Rogers H, Taylor GD, Tonmukayakul U, Lin C, Hall M, et al. Fit for Purpose? The Suitability of Oral Health Outcome Measures to Inform Policy. JDR Clin Trans Res. 2024;9(2):190-192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23800844231189997</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nguyen TM, Rogers H, Taylor GD, Tonmukayakul U, Lin C, Hall M, et al. Fit for Purpose? The Suitability of Oral Health Outcome Measures to Inform Policy. JDR Clin Trans Res. 2024;9(2):190-192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23800844231189997</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Campus G, Cocco F, Ottolenghi L, Cagetti MG. Comparison of ICDAS, CAST, Nyvad's Criteria, and WHODMFT for Caries Detection in a Sample of Italian Schoolchildren. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(21):4120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214120</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Campus G, Cocco F, Ottolenghi L, Cagetti MG. Comparison of ICDAS, CAST, Nyvad's Criteria, and WHODMFT for Caries Detection in a Sample of Italian Schoolchildren. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(21):4120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214120</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лосев ФФ, Сорокина АА, Салахов АК, Докин СП. Использование искусственного интеллекта в современной стоматологии в Российской Федерации. Стоматология. 2024;103(5):42-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/stomat202410305142</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Losev F.F., Sorokina A.A., Salakhov A.K., Dokin S.P. The use of artificial intelligence in modern dentistry in the Russian Federation. Stomatology. 2024;103(5):42-45 (In Russ.). http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/stomat202410305142</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ойсиева КШ, Розов РА. Искусственный интеллект в стоматологии как веление времени. Стоматология. 2025;104(1):87-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/stomat202510401187</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oysieva K.Sh., Rozov R.A. Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry: A Sign of the Times. Stomatology. 2025;104(1):87- 92 (In Russ.). http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/stomat202510401187</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Колсанов АВ, Попов НВ, Аюпова ИО, Цицашвили АМ, Гайдель АВ, Добратулин КС. Цефалометрический анализ рентгенологических снимков боковой проекции черепа с помощью компонентов мягких вычислений в поиске ключевых точек. Стоматология. 2021;100(4):63-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/stomat202110004163</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolsanov A.V., Popov N.V., Ayupova I.O., Tsitsashvili A.M., Gaydel A.V., Dobratulin K.S. Cephalometric analysis of lateral skull X-ray images using soft computing components in the search for key points. Stomatology. 2021;100(4):63-67 (In Russ.). http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/stomat202110004163</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мураев АА, Гусейнов НА, Цай ПА, Кибардин ИА, Буренчев ДВ, Иванов СС, и др. Искусственные нейронные сети в лучевой диагностике, в стоматологии и в челюстно-лицевой хирургии (обзор литературы). Клиническая стоматология. 2020;3(95):72-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37988/1811-153X_2020_3_72</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muraev A.A., Guseynov N.A., Tsai P.A., Kibardin I.A., Burenchev D.V., Ivanov S.S., et al. Artificial neural networks in dental and maxillofacial radiology: a review. Clinical Dentistry (Russia). 2020;3(95):72-80 (In Russ.). http://dx.doi.org/10.37988/1811-153X_2020_3_72</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мокренко МЕ, Гусейнов НА, Аль Xаффар Ж., Тутуров НС, Саркисян МС. Обзор рентгенодиагностических on-line сервисов, основанных на искусственных нейронных сетях в стоматологии. Медицинская визуализация. 2022;26(3):114-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.24835/1607-0763-1103</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mokrenko M.E., Guseynov N.A., Alhaffar J., Tuturov N.S., Sarkisyan M.S. Review of online X-ray diagnostic services based on artificial neural networks in dentistry. Medical Visualization. 2022;26(3):114-122 (In Russ.). http://dx.doi.org/10.24835/1607-0763-1103</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Turosz N, Chęcińska K, Chęciński M, Brzozowska A, Nowak Z, Sikora M. Applications of artificial intelligence in the analysis of dental panoramic radiographs: an overview of systematic reviews. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2023;52(7):20230284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.20230284</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Turosz N, Chęcińska K, Chęciński M, Brzozowska A, Nowak Z, Sikora M. Applications of artificial intelligence in the analysis of dental panoramic radiographs: an overview of systematic reviews. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2023;52(7):20230284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.20230284</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ряховский АН, Ряховский СА. Сравнительная оценка точности 3D-анализа элементов височнонижнечелюстного сустава, выполненного различными способами обработки компьютерных томограмм. Стоматология. 2024;103(2):56-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/stomat202410302156</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ryakhovsky A.N., Ryakhovsky S.A. Comparative evaluation of the accuracy of 3D TMJ analysis performed by different methods of processing computed tomograms. Stomatology. 2024;103(2):56-60 (In Russ.). http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/stomat202410302156</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Revilla-León M, Gómez-Polo M, Vyas S, Barmak AB, Özcan M, Att W, et al. Artificial intelligence applications in restorative dentistry: A systematic review. J Prosthet Dent. 2022;128(5):867-875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.02.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Revilla-León M, Gómez-Polo M, Vyas S, Barmak AB, Özcan M, Att W, et al. Artificial intelligence applications in restorative dentistry: A systematic review. J Prosthet Dent. 2022;128(5):867-875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.02.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chandrashekar G, AlQarni S, Bumann EE, Lee Y. Collaborative deep learning model for tooth segmentation and identification using panoramic radiographs. Comput Biol Med. 2022;148:105829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105829</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chandrashekar G, AlQarni S, Bumann EE, Lee Y. Collaborative deep learning model for tooth segmentation and identification using panoramic radiographs. Comput Biol Med. 2022;148:105829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105829</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elmakaty I, Elmarasi M, Amarah A, Abdo R, Malki MI. Accuracy of artificial intelligence-assisted detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2022;178:103777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103777</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elmakaty I, Elmarasi M, Amarah A, Abdo R, Malki MI. Accuracy of artificial intelligence-assisted detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2022;178:103777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103777</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
