<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">periodontology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Пародонтология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Parodontologiya</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1683-3759</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1726-7269</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Periodontal Association (RPA)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33925/1683-3759-2020-25-1-4-9</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">periodontology-289</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Микробиота полости рта при галитозе и возможность ее коррекции с помощью антимикробных ополаскивателей</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Microbiota in intra-oral halitosis – characteristics, effects of antibacterial mouth rinse treatment</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1581-0423</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Викина</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vikina</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Викина Дарья Сергеевна - врач-стоматолог, заочный аспирант кафедры пропедевтики стоматологических заболеванийСанкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vikina Daria S. - dentist, PhD student of the Department of propaedeutics of dental diseasesSaint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vikiki88@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2543-6137</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Антонова</surname><given-names>И. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Antonova</surname><given-names>I. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Антонова Ирина Николаевна - д.м.н., профессор, ди­ректор Научно-исследовательского института стома­тологии и челюстно-лицевой хирургии, заведующий кафедрой пропедевтики стоматологических заболе­ваний</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Antonova Irina N. - DSc, Professor, Director of the research Institute of dentistry and oral and maxillofacial surgery, head of the Department of propaedeutics of dental diseasesSaint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">irina.antonova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9047-6763</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тец</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tec</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тец Виктор Вениаминович - д.м.н., профессор, заве­дующий кафедрой микробиологии и вирусологии; академик РАЕНСанкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tec Viktor V. - DSc, Professor, head of the Department of Microbiology and Virology; academi­cian of the Russian Academy of SciencesSaint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">VTETZV@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8990-4748</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лазарева</surname><given-names>Т. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lazareva</surname><given-names>T. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лазарева Татьяна Евгеньевна - студент стоматоло­гического факультетаСанкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lazareva Tatyana Е. - a student of the dental facultySaint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lazata@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П. Павлова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Academician I.P. Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>03</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>4</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Викина Д.С., Антонова И.Н., Тец В.В., Лазарева Т.Е., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Викина Д.С., Антонова И.Н., Тец В.В., Лазарева Т.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vikina D.S., Antonova I.N., Tec V.V., Lazareva T.E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.parodont.ru/jour/article/view/289">https://www.parodont.ru/jour/article/view/289</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Современные данные указывают на полимикробную этиологию галитоза, что в значительной степени затрудняет эффективную терапию. В этой связи комплексное изучение этиологических факторов у пациентов с галитозом, основанное на микробиологическом исследовании состава смешанных микробных биопленок, включающих культивируемые и плохо культивируемые микробы, и оценка эффективности использования для лечения ополаскивателей с антимикробными препаратами широкого спектра действия является актуальным.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Изучение микробиоты полости рта при галитозе и ее коррекции с помощью антибактериальных ополаскивателей.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Участники исследования были разделены на три группы по 20 человек: контрольная группа – ополаскиватели не использовались; экспериментальная группа – использовался ополаскиватель, содержащий мультицид; группа сравнения – использовался ополаскиватель содержащий хлоргексидин. Интенсивность галитоза определялась органолептическим методом с оценкой по 5-балльной шкале Розенберга. Проводились микробиологические исследования налета с корня языка с использованием культурального метода.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Проведенные исследования показали, что использование ополаскивателя на основе Multicidum® в комплексном лечении галитоза влияет на аэробные бактерии микробиоты, вовлеченные в патологический процесс, сопровождающийся появлением неприятного запаха изо рта. Положительный эффект проявлялся снижением запаха, определяемого органолептическим методом по шкале Розенберга, а также изменением состава микробиоты на корне языка. При этом зарегистрировано снижение количества микроорганизмов, участвующих в образовании пахучих летучих соединений, и увеличение количества бактерий, угнетающих этот процесс, на фоне снижения спорообразующих бактерий, способствующих поддержанию устойчивых микробных сообществ при галитозе.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Среди идентифицированных у пациентов с галитозом бактерий преобладали грамположительные кокки и палочки – Streptococcus, Enterobacter, Staphylococcus, Granulicatella adiacens, Rothia и аэробные спорообразующие бактерии – представители семейства Bacillus, участвующие в поддержании функций устойчивых бактериальных сообществ. Установлено статистически значимое снижение выраженности галитоза под действием ополаскивателя, основным действующим веществом которого является Multicidum® , и отсутствие статистически значимого эффекта при использовании ополаскивателя на основе хлоргексидина.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Relevance</title><p>Relevance. Modern data confirm multimicrobial etiology of oral malodor that can significantly compromise effective therapy. Thus, it is relevent to perform comprehensive study of causes of oral malodour, based on microbiological study of composition of mixed microbial biofilms including culturable and non-culturable microbes and evaluation of efficacy of mouth rinses with broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents.</p></sec><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>Purpose. To study oral microbiota in oral malodor and its correction with antibacterial mouth rinses.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Subjects, involved in the study, were divided into 3 groups, each having 20 people. Controls didn’t use mouth rinses; experimental group used mouth rinse, containing multicidum; in comparison group chlorhxidine containing mouth rinse was used. Orgnoleptic measurement based on 0-5 Rosenberg scale was applied to score intensity of oral malodor. Coating of the root of the tongue was studied by culture-based methods.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The research showed that Multicidum® mouth rinse in comprehensive oral malodor treatment affects aerobic bacteria involved in the pathologic process causing bad breath. Positive effect manifested itself organoleptically according to Rosenberg scale in foul breath reduction and in composition changes of microbiota of the root of the tongue. At thus, amount of microorganisms producing smelly volatile compounds decreased and the number of bacteria inhibiting this process increased amid reduction of spore-forming bacteria that contribute to maintenance of stable microbial communities in oral malodor.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Gram-positive cocci and Bacillus-Streptococcus, Enterobacter, Staphylococcus, Granulicatella adiacens, Rothia and aerobic spore-forming bacteria from the Bacillus family that are involved in maintaining the functions of resistant bacterial communities-predominated among the bacteria identified in patients with halitosis. There was a statistically significant decrease in the severity of halitosis under the action of a rinse aid, the main active substance of which is Multicidum , and the absence of a statistically significant effect when using a rinse aid based on chlorhexidine.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микробиота</kwd><kwd>споробиота</kwd><kwd>галитоз</kwd><kwd>антимикробные ополаскиватели</kwd><kwd>лечение</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>microbiota</kwd><kwd>oral malodor</kwd><kwd>antimicrobial mouth rinses</kwd><kwd>treatment</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">М. F. Silva, F. R. М. Leite, L. В. Ferreira, N. М. Pola, F. A. Scannapieco, F. F. Demarco, G. G. Nascimento. Estimated prevalence of halitosis: a sys­tematic review and meta-regression analysis. Clinical Oral Investigations. 2018;22(1):47-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-017-2164-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">М. F. Silva, F. R. М. Leite, L. В. Ferreira, N. М. Pola, F. A. Scannapieco, F. F. Demarco, G. G. Nascimento. Estimated prevalence of halitosis: a sys­tematic review and meta-regression analysis. Clinical Oral Investigations. 2018;22(1):47-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-017-2164-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. B. Damla. A current approach to halitosis and oral malodor - A mini review. Open Dent J. 2018;12:322-330. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874210601812010322.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. B. Damla. A current approach to halitosis and oral malodor - A mini review. Open Dent J. 2018;12:322-330. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874210601812010322.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">K. Seerangaiyan, F. Juch, E. G. Winkel. Tongue coating: its characteris­ tics and role in intra-oral halitosis and general health-a review. J. Breath Res. 2018;12(3):034001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1752-7163/aaa3a1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">K. Seerangaiyan, F. Juch, E. G. Winkel. Tongue coating: its characteris­ tics and role in intra-oral halitosis and general health-a review. J. Breath Res. 2018;12(3):034001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1752-7163/aaa3a1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">K. Seerangaiyan, A. J. van Winkelhoff, H. J. M. Harmsen, J. W. A. Rossen, E. G. Winkel. The tongue microbiome in healthy subjects and patients with intra oral halitosis. Journal of Breath Research. 2017;11(3):036010. https://doi.org/10.1088/1752-7163/aa7c24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">K. Seerangaiyan, A. J. van Winkelhoff, H. J. M. Harmsen, J. W. A. Rossen, E. G. Winkel. The tongue microbiome in healthy subjects and patients with intra oral halitosis. Journal of Breath Research. 2017;11(3):036010. https://doi.org/10.1088/1752-7163/aa7c24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">H. S. Shon, K. O. Kim, J. K. Jung, E. J. Cha, S. O. Lee, K. A. Kim. Intra­ oral Factors Influencing Halitosis in Young Women. Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2018;9(6):340-347. https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2018.9.6.08.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">H. S. Shon, K. O. Kim, J. K. Jung, E. J. Cha, S. O. Lee, K. A. Kim. Intra­ oral Factors Influencing Halitosis in Young Women. Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2018;9(6):340-347. https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2018.9.6.08.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">S. Bernardi, M. A. Continenza, A. Al Ahmad, L. Karygianni, M. Folio, A. Filippi, G. Macchiarelli. Streptococcus spp. and Fusobacterium nucleatum in tongue dorsum biofilm from halitosis patients: A fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) study. The New Microbiologica. 2019;42(2):108-113.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">S. Bernardi, M. A. Continenza, A. Al Ahmad, L. Karygianni, M. Folio, A. Filippi, G. Macchiarelli. Streptococcus spp. and Fusobacterium nucleatum in tongue dorsum biofilm from halitosis patients: A fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) study. The New Microbiologica. 2019;42(2):108-113.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">K. Faust, J.Fah Sathirapongsasuti, J. Izard, N. Segata, D. Gevers, J. Raes, С Huttenhower. Microbial co-occurrence relationships in the human microbiome PLoS Comput. Biol. 2012(12). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002606.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">K. Faust, J.Fah Sathirapongsasuti, J. Izard, N. Segata, D. Gevers, J. Raes, С Huttenhower. Microbial co-occurrence relationships in the human microbiome PLoS Comput. Biol. 2012(12). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002606.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">J. F. Siqueira, I. N. Rogas, M. S. Paiva, К. M. Magalhaes. Cultivable bacteria in infected root canals as identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 2007;22(4):266-271. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1399-302X.2007.00355.X.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">J. F. Siqueira, I. N. Rogas, M. S. Paiva, К. M. Magalhaes. Cultivable bacteria in infected root canals as identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 2007;22(4):266-271. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1399-302X.2007.00355.X.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Примак Т.Д. Микробные ассоциации при галитозе у взрослых. Инфекция и иммунитет. 2017:958.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Т. D. Primak. Mikrobnye associacii pri galitoze u vzroslyh. Infekciya i immunitet. 2017:958. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">F. Yang, S. Huang, Т. He, С Catrenich, F. Teng, С Bo, J. Chen, J. Liu, J. Li, Y Song, R. Li, J.Xu. Microbial basis of oral malodor development in humans. J. Dent. Res. 2013;92:1106-1112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034513507065.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">F. Yang, S. Huang, Т. He, С Catrenich, F. Teng, С Bo, J. Chen, J. Liu, J. Li, Y Song, R. Li, J.Xu. Microbial basis of oral malodor development in humans. J. Dent. Res. 2013;92:1106-1112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034513507065.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ye Wei, Zhang Yu, He Mei, Zhu Ce, Feng Xi-Ping. Relationship of tongue coating microbiome on volatile sulfur compounds in healthy and halitosis adults. Journal of Breath Research. 2019,14(1 ):016005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1752-7163/ab47b4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ye Wei, Zhang Yu, He Mei, Zhu Ce, Feng Xi-Ping. Relationship of tongue coating microbiome on volatile sulfur compounds in healthy and halitosis adults. Journal of Breath Research. 2019,14(1 ):016005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1752-7163/ab47b4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">W. Ren, Z. Xun, Z. Wang, Q. Zhang, X. Liu, H. Zheng, Q. Zhang, Y Zhang, L. Zhang, С Wu, S. Zheng, N. Qin, S. D. Ehrlich, Y. Li, X. He, T. Xu, T. Chen, F. Chen. Tongue coating and the salivary microbial communities vary in children with halitosis. Sci Rep. 2016,6:24481. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24481.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">W. Ren, Z.Xun, Z. Wang, Q. Zhang, X. Liu, H. Zheng, Q. Zhang, Y Zhang, L. Zhang, С Wu, S. Zheng, N. Qin, S. D. Ehrlich, Y. Li, X. He, T. Xu, T. Chen, F. Chen. Tongue coating and the salivary microbial communities vary in children with halitosis. Sci Rep. 2016,6:24481. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24481.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">S. Bernardi, L. Karygianni, A. Filippi, A. С Anderson, A. Zurcher, E. Hellwig, K. Vach, G. Macchiarelli, A. Al-Ahmad. Combining culture and culture independent methods reveals new microbial composition of hali­ tosis patients' tongue biofilm. Microbiologyopen. 2019;14:958. https://doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.958.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">S. Bernardi, L. Karygianni, A. Filippi, A. С Anderson, A. Zurcher, E. Hellwig, K. Vach, G. Macchiarelli, A. Al-Ahmad. Combining culture and culture independent methods reveals new microbial composition of hali­ tosis patients' tongue biofilm. Microbiologyopen. 2019;14:958. https://doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.958.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharma Kriti, Acharya Shashidhar, Verma Eshan, Singhal Deepak, Singla Nishu. Efficacy of chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide and tulsi extract mouthwash in reducing halitosis using spectrophotometric analysis: A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Exp Dent. 2019;11 (5):457-463. http://dx.doi.org/10.4317/jced.55523.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharma Kriti, Acharya Shashidhar, Verma Eshan, Singhal Deepak, Singla Nishu. Efficacy of chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide and tulsi extract mouthwash in reducing halitosis using spectrophotometric analysis: A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Exp Dent. 2019;11 (5):457-463. http://dx.doi.org/10.4317/jced.55523.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Улитовский С. Б., Калинина О. В., Панкратьева Л. И. Оценка эффективности применения зубной пасты на основе эфирного масла ке­дра в профилактике истинного патологического орального галитоза. Ученые записки СПбГМУ им. И.П. Павлова. 2017;XXIV(4):64-67. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=32469020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">S. В. Ulitovskij, О. V. Kalinina, L. I. Pankrat'evaa. Ocenka effektivnosti primeneniya zubnoj pasty na osnove efirnogo masla kedra v profilaktike istinnogo patologicheskogo oral'nogo galitoza. Uchenye zapiski SPbGMU im. LP Pavlova. 2017;XXIV(4):64-67. (In Russ.). https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=32469020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">S. Saad, M. Fitzgerald, K. Hewett, J. Greenman, M. Vandeven, H. M. Trivedi, J. G. Masters. Short-and Long-Term Effects of a Dentifrice Containing Dual Zinc plus Arginine on Intra-Oral Halitosis: Improvements in Breath Quality. Journal of Clinical Dentistry. 2018;29(3):46-54. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30620871.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">S. Saad, M. Fitzgerald, K. Hewett, J. Greenman, M. Vandeven, H. M. Trivedi, J. G. Masters. Short-and Long-Term Effects of a Dentifrice Containing Dual Zinc plus Arginine on Intra-Oral Halitosis: Improvements in Breath Quality. Journal of Clinical Dentistry. 2018;29(3):46-54. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30620871.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. Johannsen, С G. Emilson, G. Johannsen, K. Konradsson, R Lingstrom, R Ramberg. Effects of stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on dental calculus, dental plaque, gingivitis, halitosis and stain: A systematic review. Heliyon. 2019;5(12):02850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02850.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. Johannsen, С G. Emilson, G. Johannsen, K. Konradsson, R Lingstrom, R Ramberg. Effects of stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on dental calculus, dental plaque, gingivitis, halitosis and stain: A systematic review. Heliyon. 2019;5(12):02850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02850.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фирсова И. В., Федотова Ю. М., МихальченкоВ.Ф., Димитрова М. С, Веремеенко Т. В., Бакланова А. А. Комплексный подход устранения гали­тоза. Международный журнал прикладных и фундаментальных иссле­дований. 2016;3:100-102. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=25590962.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">I. V. Firsova, Yu. М. Fedotova, V. F. Mihal'chenko, M. S. Dimitrova, Т. V. Veremeenko, A. A. Baklanova. Kompleksnyj podhod ustraneniya galitoza. Mezhdunarodnyj zhurnal prikladnyh i fundamental'nyh issledovanij. 2016;3:100-102. (In Russ.). https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=25590962.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каминский Л. С. Статистическая обработка лабораторных и кли­нических данных. Применение статистики в научной и практической работе врача. 1964.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">L. S. Kaminskij. Statisticheskaya obrabotka laboratornyh i klinicheskih dannyh. Primenenie statistiki v nauchnoj i prakticheskoj rabote vracha. 1964. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
