<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">periodontology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Пародонтология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Parodontologiya</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1683-3759</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1726-7269</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Periodontal Association (RPA)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33925/1683-3759-2023-794</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">periodontology-794</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Механизмы образования микробных биопленок в полости рта у здоровых людей и больных хроническим генерализованным пародонтитом</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Mechanisms of oral microbial biofilm formation in healthy people and patients with chronic generalized periodontitis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4641-9718</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Леонтьева</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Leonteva</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Леонтьева Аурелия Валерьевна, ассистент кафедры микробиологии и вирусологии с курсом иммунологии</p><p>Тверь </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aureliya V. Leonteva, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology and Virology with a Course in Immunology</p><p>Tver </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aurika171900@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6283-2310</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Потоцкая</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pototskaya</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Потоцкая Лидия Аурелиевна, студентка 6 курса лечебного факультета</p><p>Тверь </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lydia A. Pototskaya, 6th-year Medical Student</p><p>Tver </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lidatt@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9209-7839</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Червинец</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chervinets</surname><given-names>Y. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Червинец Юлия Вячеславовна, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой микробиологии и вирусологии с курсом иммунологии</p><p>Тверь </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yulia V. Chervinets, MD, PhD, DSc, Professor, Head of the Department of Microbiology and Virology with a Course in Immunology</p><p>Tver </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">julia_chervinec@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Тверской государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Tver State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title>Принято в печать</issue-title><fpage>208</fpage><lpage>217</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Леонтьева А.В., Потоцкая Л.А., Червинец Ю.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Леонтьева А.В., Потоцкая Л.А., Червинец Ю.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Leonteva A.V., Pototskaya L.A., Chervinets Y.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.parodont.ru/jour/article/view/794">https://www.parodont.ru/jour/article/view/794</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Биопленки полости рта представляют собой взаимосвязанные пространственные симбионтные микробные структуры, погруженные во внеклеточный матрикс, которые находятся не только на слизистой оболочке, но и на твердых поверхностях, таких как эмаль и корень зубов, а также зубные протезы. В нашем исследовании была проведена связь биопленок в формировании такого серьезного заболевания полости рта как хронический генерализованный пародонтит</p><p>Материалами и методами послужил анализ отечественных и зарубежных источников за последние 15 лет в электронных базах данных PubMed, Google Search и eLIBRARY.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В настоящее время наблюдается повышенный интерес в изучении механизмов микробных биопленок и факторов, влияющих на этот процесс. Планктонные бактерии более чувствительны к противомикробным препаратам, чем бактерии в биопленках. Ряд факторов, таких как газовые сигнальные молекулы, могут стать важным средством межмикробной коммуникации внутри биопленки. Микроорганизмы в виде биопленок имеют высокую устойчивость к антибактериальным препаратам. Бактерии высвобождают ферменты и токсины, которые стимулируют организм к выработке большого количества специфических антител и цитокинов. Эти иммунные компоненты блокируются внеклеточным матриксом биопленки и не могут проникнуть в биопленку. Внутри очага инфекции образуются иммунные комплексы, которые повреждают собственные ткани организма и усугубляют воспаление.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Заболевания пародонта являются наиболее распространенными заболеваниями полости рта у людей, и их возникновение тесно связано с патогенными свойствами микробиоты полости рта, которые существуют в составе биопленок. Механизмы биопленкообразования сложны и связаны с экспрессией различных факторов патогенности микроорганизмов и матрикса со стороны оральных комменсалов. Дальнейшее их исследование необходимо для понимания направления нейтрализации биопленкообразования и для поиска эффективного лечения хронического генерализованного пародонтита.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Relevance</title><p>Relevance. Oral biofilms are integrated three-dimensional symbiontic microbial structures embedded in the extracellular matrix that form not only on the mucous membrane but also on hard surfaces such as enamel and root of teeth, as well as dentures. Our study correlated biofilms and the onset of such a serious oral disease as chronic generalized periodontitis.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and Methods</title><p>Material and Methods. The analysis of national and international literature in PubMed, Google Search and eLIBRARY databases over the past 15 years served as material and methods.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. There is currently an increased interest in studying the mechanisms of microbial biofilms and the factors affecting this process. Planktonic bacteria are more sensitive to antimicrobials than bacteria in biofilms. Several factors, such as gas signalling molecules, may become an important tool for intermicrobial communication in a biofilm. Biofilm microorganisms are highly resistant to antibacterial drugs. Bacteria release enzymes and toxins that stimulate the body to produce large amounts of specific antibodies and cytokines. However, the immune components are blocked by the biofilm extracellular matrix and cannot enter the biofilm. Immune complexes are formed in the infection foci, damage the body's tissues, and aggravate inflammation.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Periodontal diseases are the most common oral diseases in humans, and their onset is closely related to the pathogenic properties of the oral microbiota, which exists in biofilms. The mechanisms of biofilm formation are complex and associated with the expression of various microorganism/matrix pathogenicity factors by oral commensal microorganisms. Further study is necessary to understand the way of biofilm formation neutralization and to find an effective treatment for chronic generalized periodontitis.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хронический пародонтит</kwd><kwd>механизмы биопленкообразования</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chronic periodontitis</kwd><kwd>biofilm formation mechanisms</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zijnge V, van Leeuwen MB, Degener JE, Abbas F, Thurnher T, Gmur F, et al. Oral biofilm architecture on natural teeth. PLoS One. 2010;5(2):e9321. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009321</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zijnge V, van Leeuwen MB, Degener JE, Abbas F, Thurnher T, Gmur F, et al. Oral biofilm architecture on natural teeth. PLoS One. 2010;5(2):e9321. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009321</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Römling U, Kjelleberg S, Normark S, Nyman L, Uhlin BE, Åkerlund B. Microbial biofilm formation: a need to act [published correction appears in J Intern Med. 2015 Oct;278(4):427. J Intern Med. 2014;276(2):98-110. doi: 10.1111/joim.12242</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Römling U, Kjelleberg S, Normark S, Nyman L, Uhlin BE, Åkerlund B. Microbial biofilm formation: a need to act [published correction appears in J Intern Med. 2015 Oct;278(4):427]. J Intern Med. 2014;276(2):98-110. doi: 10.1111/joim.12242</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bjarnsholt T, Buhlin K, Dufrêne YF, Gomelsky M, Moroni A, Ramstedt, et al. Biofilm formation – what we can learn from recent developments. J Intern Med. 2018;284(4):332-345. doi: 10.1111/joim.12782</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bjarnsholt T, Buhlin K, Dufrêne YF, Gomelsky M, Moroni A, Ramstedt, et al. Biofilm formation - what we can learn from recent developments. J Intern Med. 2018;284(4):332-345. doi: 10.1111/joim.12782</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiao Y, Tay FR, Niu LN, Chen JH. Advancing antimicrobial strategies for managing oral biofilm infections. Int J Oral Sci. 2019;11(3):28. doi: 10.1038/s41368-019-0062-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiao Y, Tay FR, Niu LN, Chen JH. Advancing antimicrobial strategies for managing oral biofilm infections. Int J Oral Sci. 2019;11(3):28. doi: 10.1038/s41368-019-0062-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Engel AS, Kranz HT, Schneider M, Tietze JP, Piwowarcyk A, Kuzius T, et al. Biofilm formation on different dental restorative materials in the oral cavity. BMC Oral Health. 2020;20(1):162. doi: 10.1186/s12903-020-01147-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Engel AS, Kranz HT, Schneider M, Tietze JP, Piwowarcyk A, Kuzius T, et al. Biofilm formation on different dental restorative materials in the oral cavity. BMC Oral Health. 2020;20(1):162. doi: 10.1186/s12903-020-01147-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Junges R, Sturød K, Salvadori G, Åmdal HA, Chen T, Petersen FC. Characterization of a Signaling System in Streptococcus mitis That Mediates Interspecies Communication with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2019;85(2):e02297-18. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02297-18</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Junges R, Sturød K, Salvadori G, Åmdal HA, Chen T, Petersen FC. Characterization of a Signaling System in Streptococcus mitis That Mediates Interspecies Communication with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2019;85(2):e02297-18. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02297-18</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berger D, Rakhamimova A, Pollack A, Loewy Z. Oral Biofilms: Development, Control, and Analysis. High Throughput. 2018;7(3):24. doi: 10.3390/ht7030024</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berger D, Rakhamimova A, Pollack A, Loewy Z. Oral Biofilms: Development, Control, and Analysis. High Throughput. 2018;7(3):24. doi: 10.3390/ht7030024</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Velsko IM, Shaddox LM. Consistent and reproducible long-term in vitro growth of health and disease-associated oral subgingival biofilms. BMC Microbiol. 2018;18(1):70. doi: 10.1186/s12866-018-1212-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Velsko IM, Shaddox LM. Consistent and reproducible long-term in vitro growth of health and disease-associated oral subgingival biofilms. BMC Microbiol. 2018;18(1):70. doi: 10.1186/s12866-018-1212-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benoit DSW, Sims KR Jr, Fraser D. Nanoparticles for Oral Biofilm Treatments. ACS Nano. 2019;13(5):4869-4875. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02816</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benoit DSW, Sims KR Jr, Fraser D. Nanoparticles for Oral Biofilm Treatments. ACS Nano. 2019;13(5):4869-4875. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02816</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Flemming HC., Wingender J., Szewzyk U, Steinberg P, Rice SA, Kjelleberg S. Biofilms: an emergent form of bacterial life. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2026;(14): 563–575. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.94</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Flemming HC., Wingender J., Szewzyk U, Steinberg P, Rice SA, Kjelleberg S. Biofilms: an emergent form of bacterial life. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2026;(14): 563–575. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.94</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Flemming HC, Wuertz S. Bacteria and archaea on Earth and their abundance in biofilms. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2019;17(4):247-260. doi: 10.1038/s41579-019-0158-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Flemming HC, Wuertz S. Bacteria and archaea on Earth and their abundance in biofilms. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2019;17(4):247-260. doi: 10.1038/s41579-019-0158-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bowen WH, Burne RA, Wu H, Koo H. Oral Biofilms: Pathogens, Matrix, and Polymicrobial Interactions in Microenvironments. Trends Microbiol. 2018;26(3):229-242. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.09.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bowen WH, Burne RA, Wu H, Koo H. Oral Biofilms: Pathogens, Matrix, and Polymicrobial Interactions in Microenvironments. Trends Microbiol. 2018;26(3):229-242. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.09.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dahlen G, Basic A, Bylund J. Importance of Virulence Factors for the Persistence of Oral Bacteria in the Inflamed Gingival Crevice and in the Pathogenesis of Periodontal Disease. J Clin Med. 2019;8(9):1339. doi: 10.3390/jcm8091339</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dahlen G, Basic A, Bylund J. Importance of Virulence Factors for the Persistence of Oral Bacteria in the Inflamed Gingival Crevice and in the Pathogenesis of Periodontal Disease. J Clin Med. 2019;8(9):1339. doi: 10.3390/jcm8091339</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kinane DF, Stathopoulou PG, Papapanou PN. Periodontal diseases. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17038. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.38</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kinane DF, Stathopoulou PG, Papapanou PN. Periodontal diseases. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17038. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.38</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bui FQ, Almeida-da-Silva CLC, Huynh B, Trinh A, Liu J, Woodward J, et al. Association between periodontal pathogens and systemic disease. Biomed J. 2019;42(1):27-35. doi: 10.1016/j.bj.2018.12.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bui FQ, Almeida-da-Silva CLC, Huynh B, Trinh A, Liu J, Woodward J, et al. Association between periodontal pathogens and systemic disease. Biomed J. 2019;42(1):27-35. doi: 10.1016/j.bj.2018.12.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nibali L, Bayliss-Chapman J, Almofareh SA, Zhou Y, Divaris K, Vieira AR. What Is the Heritability of Periodontitis? A Systematic Review. J Dent Res. 2019;98(6):632-641. doi: 10.1177/0022034519842510</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nibali L, Bayliss-Chapman J, Almofareh SA, Zhou Y, Divaris K, Vieira AR. What Is the Heritability of Periodontitis? A Systematic Review. J Dent Res. 2019;98(6):632-641. doi: 10.1177/0022034519842510</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kassebaum NJ, Bernabé E, Dahiya M, Bhandari B, Murray CJ, Marcenes W. Global burden of severe periodontitis in 1990-2010: a systematic review and metaregression. J Dent Res. 2014;93(11):1045-1053. doi: 10.1177/0022034514552491</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kassebaum NJ, Bernabé E, Dahiya M, Bhandari B, Murray CJ, Marcenes W. Global burden of severe periodontitis in 1990-2010: a systematic review and meta-regression. J Dent Res. 2014;93(11):1045-1053. doi: 10.1177/0022034514552491</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rosier BT, Marsh PD, Mira A. Resilience of the Oral Microbiota in Health: Mechanisms That Prevent Dysbiosis. J Dent Res. 2018;97(4):371-380. doi: 10.1177/0022034517742139</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rosier BT, Marsh PD, Mira A. Resilience of the Oral Microbiota in Health: Mechanisms That Prevent Dysbiosis. J Dent Res. 2018;97(4):371-380. doi: 10.1177/0022034517742139</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lamont RJ, Koo H, Hajishengallis G. The oral microbiota: dynamic communities and host interactions. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018;16(12):745-759. doi: 10.1038/s41579-018-0089-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lamont RJ, Koo H, Hajishengallis G. The oral microbiota: dynamic communities and host interactions. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018;16(12):745-759. doi: 10.1038/s41579-018-0089-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kilian M, Chapple IL, Hannig M, Marsh PD, Meuric V, Pedersen AM, et al. The oral microbiome - an update for oral healthcare professionals. Br Dent J. 2016;221(10):657-666. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.865</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kilian M, Chapple IL, Hannig M, Marsh PD, Meuric V, Pedersen AM, et al. The oral microbiome – an update for oral healthcare professionals. Br Dent J. 2016;221(10):657-666. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.865</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Червинец ВМ, Червинец ЮВ, Леонтьева АВ, Козлова ЕА, Стулов НМ, Беляев ВС, и др. Микробиом полости рта у больных пародонтитом, адгезивные и биопленкообразующие свойства. Клиническая лабораторная диагностика. 2021;66(1): 45-51. doi: 10.18821/0869-2084-2021-66-1-45-51</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chervinets VM, Chervinets YuV, Leont’eva AV, Kozlova EA, Stulov NM, Belyaev VS, et al. The microbiome of oral cavity patients with periodontitis, adhesive and biofilm forming properties. Klinicheskaya laboratornaya diagnostika (Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics). 2021;66(1):45-51 (In Russ.). doi: 10.18821/0869-2084-2021-66-1-45-51</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koo H, Allan RN, Howlin RP, Stoodley P, Hall-Stoodley L. Targeting microbial biofilms: current and prospective therapeutic strategies. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2017;15(12):740-755. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.99</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koo H, Allan RN, Howlin RP, Stoodley P, Hall-Stoodley L. Targeting microbial biofilms: current and prospective therapeutic strategies. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2017;15(12):740-755. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.99</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Червинец ВМ, Червинец ЮВ, Леонтьева АВ, Беляев ВС, Стулов НМ, Родионов АА, и др. Особенности микробиоты полости рта больных с хроническим генерализованным пародонтитом у жителей Тверского региона. Современная наука: актуальные проблемы теории и практики. Серия: Естественные и технические науки. 2021;(8):16-23 doi: 10.37882/2223-2966.2021.08.37</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chervinets VM, Chervinets YV, Leont᾽eva A V, Belyaev VS, Stulov NM, Rodionov AA, et al. Features of the oral microbiota of patients with chronic generalized periodontis in residents of the Tversky region. Modern Science: actual problems of theory and practice. 2021;(8):16-23 (In Russ.). doi: 10.37882/2223-2966.2021.08.37</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Беляев ВС, Червинец ВМ, Червинец ЮВ, Григорьянц ЭО, Леонтьева АВ, Стулов НМ. Микробиота полости рта здоровых людей и больных хроническим генерализованным пародонтитом. Проблемы медицинской микологии. 2020;22(3):49. Режим доступа: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sposobnost-k-adgezii-mikrobioty-vydelennoy-u-zdorovyh-lyudey-i-bolnyh-hronicheskim-generalizovannym-parodontitom/viewer</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belyaev VS, Chervinets VM, Chervinets YuV, Grigoryants EO, Leont’eva AV, Stulov NM. Microbiota of oral cavity isolated from healthy people and patients with chronical generalizated periodontitis. Problems in medical mycology. 2020;22(3):49 (In Russ.). Available from: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sposobnost-k-adgezii-mikrobioty-vydelennoy-u-zdorovyh-lyudey-i-bolnyh-hronicheskim-generalizovannym-parodontitom/viewer</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Беляев ВС, Червинец ВМ, Червинец ЮВ, Козлова ЕА, Григорьянц ЭО, Леонтьева АВ, и др. Способность к адгезии микробиоты, выделенной у здоровых людей и больных хроническим генерализованным пародонтитом. Проблемы медицинской микологии. 2020;22(3):49-50. Режим доступа: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=44271624</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belyaev VS, Chervinets VM, Chervinets YuV, Kozlova EA, Grigoryants EO, Leontʼeva AV, et al. Adhesion potential of microbiota isolated from healthy people and patients with chronical generalizated periodontitis. Problems in medical mycology. 2020;22(3):49 (In Russ.). Available from: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=44271624</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pérez-Chaparro PJ, Gonçalves C, Figueiredo LC, Faveri M, Lobão E, Tamashiro N, et al. Newly identified pathogens associated with periodontitis: a systematic review. J Dent Res. 2014;93(9):846-858. doi: 10.1177/0022034514542468</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pérez-Chaparro PJ, Gonçalves C, Figueiredo LC, Faveri M, Lobão E, Tamashiro N, et al. Newly identified pathogens associated with periodontitis: a systematic review. J Dent Res. 2014;93(9):846-858. doi: 10.1177/0022034514542468</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yan Z, Jingmei Y, Dingyu D, Yi X. Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2014;32(6):625-630. doi: 10.7518/hxkq.2014.06.023</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yan Z, Jingmei Y, Dingyu D, Yi X. Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2014;32(6):625-630. doi: 10.7518/hxkq.2014.06.023</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lopez R, Hujoel P, Belibasakis GN. On putative periodontal pathogens: an epidemiological perspective. Virulence. 2015;6(3):249-257. doi: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1014266</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lopez R, Hujoel P, Belibasakis GN. On putative periodontal pathogens: an epidemiological perspective. Virulence. 2015;6(3):249-257. doi: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1014266</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huo YB, Chan Y, Lacap-Bugler DC, Mo S, Woo PCY, Leung WK, et al. Multilocus Sequence Analysis of Phylogroup 1 and 2 Oral Treponeme Strains. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2017;83(3):e02499-16. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02499-16</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huo YB, Chan Y, Lacap-Bugler DC, Mo S, Woo PCY, Leung WK, et al. Multilocus Sequence Analysis of Phylogroup 1 and 2 Oral Treponeme Strains. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2017;83(3):e02499-16. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02499-16</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pérez-Chaparro PJ, Gonçalves C, Figueiredo LC, Faveri M, Lobao E, Tamashiro N, et al. Newly identified pathogens associated with periodontitis: a systematic review. J Dent Res. 2014;93(9):846-858. doi: 10.1177/0022034514542468</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pérez-Chaparro PJ, Gonçalves C, Figueiredo LC, Faveri M, Lobao E, Tamashiro N, et al. Newly identified pathogens associated with periodontitis: a systematic review. J Dent Res. 2014;93(9):846-858. doi: 10.1177/0022034514542468</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Елизова ЛА, Атрушкевич ВГ, Орехова ЛЮ. Новая классификация заболеваний пародонта. Пародонтит. Пародонтология. 2021;26(1):80-82. Режим доступа: https://www.parodont.ru/jour/article/view/433/0?locale=ru_RU</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yelizova lA, Atrushkevich VG, Orekhova lYu. New classification of periodontal diseases. Periodontitis. Parodontologiya. 2021;26(1):80-82 (In Russ.). Available from: https://www.parodont.ru/jour/article/view/433/0?locale=ru_RU</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fine DH, Patil AG, Velusamy SK. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) Under the Radar: Myths and Misunderstandings of Aa and Its Role in Aggressive Periodontitis. Front Immunol. 2019;10:728. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00728</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fine DH, Patil AG, Velusamy SK. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) Under the Radar: Myths and Misunderstandings of Aa and Its Role in Aggressive Periodontitis. Front Immunol. 2019;10:728. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00728</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рыбальченко ОВ, Бондаренко ВМ, Орлова ОГ. Ультраструктура микробных биопленок при межклеточных взаимоотношениях бактерий в сообществах. Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии. 2014;91(4):87-92. Режим доступа: https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/14074</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rybalchenko OV, Bondarenko VM, Orlova OG. Ultrastructure of microbial biofilms during intercellular interactions of bacteria in communities. Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology. 2014;91(4):87-92. Available from: https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/14074</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Балмасова ИП, Царев ВН, Янушевич ОО, Маев ИВ, Мкртумян АМ, Арутюнов СД. Микроэкология пародонта. Взаимосвязь локальных и системных эффектов. Москва: Практическая медицина. 2021;258 с. Режим доступа: https://search.rsl.ru/ru/record/01010807313</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balmasova IP, Tsarev VN, Yanushevich OO, Mayev IV, Mkrtumyan AM, Arutyunov SD. Microecology of periodontal disease. The relationship of local and systemic effects. Moscow: Practical Medicine. 2021;258 p. Available from: https://search.rsl.ru/ru/record/0101080731</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sintim HO, Gürsoy UK. Biofilms as "Connectors" for Oral and Systems Medicine: A New Opportunity for Biomarkers, Molecular Targets, and Bacterial Eradication. OMICS. 2016;20(1):3-11. doi: 10.1089/omi.2015.0146</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sintim HO, Gürsoy UK. Biofilms as "Connectors" for Oral and Systems Medicine: A New Opportunity for Biomarkers, Molecular Targets, and Bacterial Eradication. OMICS. 2016;20(1):3-11. doi: 10.1089/omi.2015.0146</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parashar A, Parashar S, Zingade A, Gupta S, Sanikop S. Interspecies communication in oral biofilm: An ocean of information. Oral Science International. 2015;12(2):37-42. doi: 10.1016/S1348-8643(15)00016-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parashar A, Parashar S, Zingade A, Gupta S, Sanikop S. Interspecies communication in oral biofilm: An ocean of information. Oral Science International. 2015;12(2):37-42. doi: 10.1016/S1348-8643(15)00016-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krzyściak W, Jurczak A, Kościelniak D, Bystrowska B, Skalniak A. The virulence of Streptococcus mutans and the ability to form biofilms. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;33(4):499-515. doi: 10.1007/s10096-013-1993-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krzyściak W, Jurczak A, Kościelniak D, Bystrowska B, Skalniak A. The virulence of Streptococcus mutans and the ability to form biofilms. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;33(4):499-515. doi: 10.1007/s10096-013-1993-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Olsen I, Lambris JD, Hajishengallis G. Porphyromonas gingivalis disturbs host-commensal homeostasis by changing complement function. J Oral Microbiol. 2017;9(1):1340085. doi: 10.1080/20002297.2017.1340085</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olsen I, Lambris JD, Hajishengallis G. Porphyromonas gingivalis disturbs host-commensal homeostasis by changing complement function. J Oral Microbiol. 2017;9(1):1340085. doi: 10.1080/20002297.2017.1340085</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meuric V, Le Gall-David S, Boyer E, Acuna-Amador L, Martin B, Bing Fong S, et al. Signature of Microbial Dysbiosis in Periodontitis. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2017;83(14):e00462-17. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00462-17</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meuric V, Le Gall-David S, Boyer E, Acuna-Amador L, Martin B, Bing Fong S, et al. Signature of Microbial Dysbiosis in Periodontitis. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2017;83(14):e00462-17. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00462-17</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rocco CJ, Bakaletz LO, Goodman SD. Targeting the HUβ Protein Prevents Porphyromonas gingivalis from Entering into Preexisting Biofilms. J Bacteriol. 2018;200(11):e00790-17. doi: 10.1128/JB.00790-17</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rocco CJ, Bakaletz LO, Goodman SD. Targeting the HUβ Protein Prevents Porphyromonas gingivalis from Entering into Preexisting Biofilms. J Bacteriol. 2018;200(11):e00790-17. doi: 10.1128/JB.00790-17</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mendez KN, Hoare A, Soto C, Bugueno I, Olivera M, Meneses, et al. Variability in Genomic and Virulent Properties of Porphyromonas gingivalis Strains Isolated From Healthy and Severe Chronic Periodontitis Individuals. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2019;9:246. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00246</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mendez KN, Hoare A, Soto C, Bugueno I, Olivera M, Meneses, et al. Variability in Genomic and Virulent Properties of Porphyromonas gingivalis Strains Isolated From Healthy and Severe Chronic Periodontitis Individuals. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2019;9:246. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00246</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou L, Slamti L, Lereclus D, Raymond B. Optimal Response to Quorum-Sensing Signals Varies in Different Host Environments with Different Pathogen Group Size. mBio. 2020;11(3):e00535-20. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00535-20</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou L, Slamti L, Lereclus D, Raymond B. Optimal Response to Quorum-Sensing Signals Varies in Different Host Environments with Different Pathogen Group Size. mBio. 2020;11(3):e00535-20. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00535-20</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nazzaro F, Fratianni F, Coppola R. Quorum sensing and phytochemicals. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14(6):12607-12619. doi: 10.3390/ijms140612607</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nazzaro F, Fratianni F, Coppola R. Quorum sensing and phytochemicals. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14(6):12607-12619. doi: 10.3390/ijms140612607</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Papenfort K, Bassler BL. Quorum sensing signal-response systems in Gram-negative bacteria. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2016;14(9):576-588. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.89</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Papenfort K, Bassler BL. Quorum sensing signal-response systems in Gram-negative bacteria. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2016;14(9):576-588. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.89</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
