<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">periodontology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Пародонтология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Parodontologiya</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1683-3759</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1726-7269</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Periodontal Association (RPA)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33925/1683-3759-2024-978</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">periodontology-978</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Эффекты омега-3 жирных кислот в сочетанной экспериментальной модели пародонтита и метаболического синдрома</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The impact of omega-3 fatty acids in a combined experimental model of periodontitis and metabolic syndrome</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0033-9878</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Непрелюк</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Neprelyuk</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Непрелюк Ольга Анатольевна, кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры ортопедической стоматологии ордена Трудового Красного Знамени Медицинского института имени С. И. Георгиевского</p><p>Симферополь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga A. Neprelyuk, DMD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of the Orthopedic Dentistry</p><p>Simferopol </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">oneprelyuk@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1622-1011</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жадько</surname><given-names>С. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhad'ko</surname><given-names>S. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жадько Сергей Игоревич, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой ортопедической стоматологии ордена Трудового Красного Знамени Медицинского института имени С. И. Георгиевского</p><p>Симферополь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey I. Zhad’ko, DMD, PhD, DSc, Professor, Head of the Department of Orthopedic Dentistry</p><p>Simferopol </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">profsirh@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3678-7290</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Романенко</surname><given-names>И. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Romanenko</surname><given-names>I. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Романенко Инесса Геннадьевна, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой стоматологии ордена Трудового Красного Знамени Медицинского института имени С. И. Георгиевского</p><p>Симферополь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Inessa G. Romanenko, DMD, PhD, DSc, Professor, Head of the Department of Dentistry</p><p>Simferopol </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">romanenko-inessa@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3715-1579</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Непрелюк</surname><given-names>А. Я.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Neprelyuk</surname><given-names>A. Ya.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Непрелюк Александр Ярославович, студент стоматологического факультета, ордена Трудового Красного Знамени Медицинского института имени С. И. Георгиевского</p><p>Симферополь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexandr Ya. Neprelyuk, Student, Dental School</p><p>Simferopol </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">anepreliuk@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5193-4311</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кривенцов</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kriventsov</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кривенцов Максим Андреевич, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой патологической анатомии с секционным курсом ордена Трудового Красного Знамени Медицинского института имени С. И. Георгиевского</p><p>Симферополь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maxim A. Kriventsov, MD, PhD, DSc, Professor, Head of the the Department of Pathological Anatomy with a Sectional Course</p><p>Simferopol </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">maksimkgmu@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Крымский федеральный университет имени В. И. Вернадского</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Medical Institute named after S. I. Georgievsky, V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>246</fpage><lpage>257</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Непрелюк О.А., Жадько С.И., Романенко И.Г., Непрелюк А.Я., Кривенцов М.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Непрелюк О.А., Жадько С.И., Романенко И.Г., Непрелюк А.Я., Кривенцов М.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Neprelyuk O.A., Zhad'ko S.I., Romanenko I.G., Neprelyuk A.Y., Kriventsov M.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.parodont.ru/jour/article/view/978">https://www.parodont.ru/jour/article/view/978</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Патогенетически потенцируя друг друга, и пародонтит, и метаболический синдром являются состояниями, которые зачастую предполагают использование общих иммуномодулирующих подходов к терапии. При этом в литературе имеется ряд противоречивых данных, касающихся взаимосвязи пародонтита и метаболического синдрома, а также фрагментарные сведения о потенциальных эффектах применения омега-3 полиненасыщенных жирных кислот (ω-3 ПНЖК) в качестве адъювантной терапии, направленной на снижение интенсивности воспалительного ответа и степени резорбции костной ткани. Исходя из этого, целью данного экспериментального исследования явилась оценка воспалительного ответа и остеорезорбции в тканях пародонта в условиях пародонтита и метаболического синдрома, а также эффектов ω-3 ПНЖК.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Экспериментальное исследование проведено на самцах белых крыс линии Вистар (30 крыс), которые были разделены на пять групп: контрольную группу, группу пародонтита, группу сочетанного пародонтита и метаболического синдрома, группу пародонтита с применением омега-3 жирных кислот и группу сочетанного пародонтита и метаболического синдрома с применением омега-3 жирных кислот. Методы исследования включали в себя биохимический анализ для подтверждения метаболического синдрома, обзорный гистопатологический и морфометрический анализ с оценкой степени воспалительной реакции, остеорезорбции и количества остеокластов, а также молекулярно-генетический анализ уровней относительной экспресии мРНК генов TNFα, IL-1β, RANK и OPG.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. На основании полученных данных установлено, что метаболический синдром у лабораторных животных оказывает негативное потенцирующее влияние как на провоспалительный ответ, так и на выраженность лакунарной остеокластической резорбции лакунарной кости. Применение ω-3 ПНЖК в дозе 40 мг/кг на протяжении 30 дней статистически достоверно снижало выраженность воспалительной инфильтрации в тканях пародонта (3,17 ± 0,21 и 1,83 ± 0,21 в контрольной группе и в группе с коррекцией, р = 0,001) и количество остеокластов (1,75 ± 0,35 и 3,75 ± 0,45 в контрольной группе и в группе с коррекцией, р = 0,003) со снижением экспрессии мРНК TNFα, IL-1β и RANK. Аналогичная направленность эффектов применения ω-3 ПНЖК была выявлена в группе с сочетанным метаболическим синдромом, хотя их проявление было существенно ниже.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Представленные данные расширяют имеющиеся представления о взаимосвязи пародонтита и метаболического синдрома, а также указывают на потенциал применения ω-3 ПНЖК в качестве профилактического или терапевтического средства коррекции, как в условиях изолированного пародонтита, так и на фоне метаболического синдрома.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Relevance</title><p>Relevance. Periodontitis and metabolic syndrome are interrelated conditions that often aggravate each other through shared pathogenic mechanisms, highlighting the need for integrated immunomodulatory therapeutic approaches. Despite this, existing literature presents inconsistent data regarding the interplay between periodontitis and metabolic syndrome, as well as limited insights into the potential benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) as an adjuvant therapy. Specifically, the role of ω-3 PUFAs in modulating the inflammatory response and mitigating bone resorption remains inadequately explored. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the inflammatory response and osteoresorption in periodontal tissues under the combined conditions of periodontitis and metabolic syndrome, while also assessing the therapeutic effects of ω-3 PUFAs.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. This experimental study was conducted using 30 male Wistar rats, which were randomly assigned to one of five groups: a control group, a periodontitis group, a combined periodontitis and metabolic syndrome group, a periodontitis group treated with omega-3 fatty acids, and a combined periodontitis and metabolic syndrome group treated with omega-3 fatty acids. The study employed several research methodologies. Biochemical analyses were performed to confirm the presence of metabolic syndrome. Histopathological and morphometric assessments were conducted to evaluate the inflammatory response, the extent of osteoresorption, and the number of osteoclasts in the periodontal tissues. Additionally, molecular genetic analysis was used to measure the relative mRNA expression levels of key inflammatory and osteoclastogenic markers, including TNFα, IL-1β, RANK, and OPG.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The data demonstrated that metabolic syndrome in laboratory animals significantly exacerbates both the pro-inflammatory response and the extent of lacunar osteoclastic bone resorption. Administration of ω-3 PUFAs at a dose of 40 mg/kg over 30 days led to a statistically significant reduction in inflammatory infiltration within the periodontal tissues (3.17 ± 0.21 in the control group vs. 1.83 ± 0.21 in the treated group, р = 0.001) and a decrease in the number of osteoclasts (3,75 ± 0,45 in the control group vs. 1,75 ± 0,35 in the treated group, р = 0.003). Additionally, there was a notable reduction in the expression levels of TNFα, IL-1β, and RANK mRNA. Similar but less pronounced effects were observed in the group with combined metabolic syndrome following ω-3 PUFA administration.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. These findings enhance the current understanding of the interplay between periodontitis and metabolic syndrome, highlighting the potential of ω-3 PUFAs as a preventive or therapeutic intervention. ω-3 PUFAs may be effective in mitigating inflammatory responses and bone resorption, both in cases of isolated periodontitis and when accompanied by metabolic syndrome.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>пародонтит</kwd><kwd>метаболический синдром</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd><kwd>остеорезорбция</kwd><kwd>омега-3 полиненасыщенные жирные кислоты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>periodontitis</kwd><kwd>metabolic syndrome</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>osteoresorption</kwd><kwd>omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование проведено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда и Республики Крым №24-25-20055, https://rscf.ru/project/24-25-20055./</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research was carried out at the expense of a grant from the Russian Science Foundation and the Republic of Crimea No. 24-25-20055, https://rscf.ru/project/24-25-20055/.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Könönen E, Gursoy M, Gursoy UK. Periodontitis: A Multifaceted Disease of Tooth-Supporting Tissues. J Clin Med. 2019;8(8):1135. doi: 10.3390/jcm8081135</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Könönen E, Gursoy M, Gursoy UK. Periodontitis: A Multifaceted Disease of Tooth-Supporting Tissues. J Clin Med. 2019;8(8):1135. doi: 10.3390/jcm8081135</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trindade D, Carvalho R, Machado V, Chambrone L, Mendes JJ, Botelho J. Prevalence of periodontitis in dentate people between 2011 and 2020: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. J Clin Periodontol. 2023;50(5):604-626. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.13769</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trindade D, Carvalho R, Machado V, Chambrone L, Mendes JJ, Botelho J. Prevalence of periodontitis in dentate people between 2011 and 2020: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. J Clin Periodontol. 2023;50(5):604-626. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.13769</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aizenbud I, Wilensky A, Almoznino G. Periodontal Disease and Its Association with Metabolic Syndrome – A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(16):13011. doi: 10.3390/ijms241613011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aizenbud I, Wilensky A, Almoznino G. Periodontal Disease and Its Association with Metabolic Syndrome – A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(16):13011. doi: 10.3390/ijms241613011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fahed G, Aoun L, Bou Zerdan M, Allam S, Bou Zerdan M, Bouferraa Y et al. Metabolic Syndrome: Updates on Pathophysiology and Management in 2021. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(2):786. doi: 10.3390/ijms23020786</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fahed G, Aoun L, Bou Zerdan M, Allam S, Bou Zerdan M, Bouferraa Y et al. Metabolic Syndrome: Updates on Pathophysiology and Management in 2021. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(2):786. doi: 10.3390/ijms23020786</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paragh G, Seres I, Harangi M, Fülöp P. Dynamic interplay between metabolic syndrome and immunity. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2014;824:171-90. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-07320-0_13</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paragh G, Seres I, Harangi M, Fülöp P. Dynamic interplay between metabolic syndrome and immunity. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2014;824:171-90. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-07320-0_13</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pirih FQ, Monajemzadeh S, Singh N, Sinacola RS, Shin JM, Chen T et al. Association between metabolic syndrome and periodontitis: The role of lipids, inflammatory cytokines, altered host response, and the microbiome. Periodontol 2000. 2021;87(1):50-75. doi: 10.1111/prd.12379</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pirih FQ, Monajemzadeh S, Singh N, Sinacola RS, Shin JM, Chen T et al. Association between metabolic syndrome and periodontitis: The role of lipids, inflammatory cytokines, altered host response, and the microbiome. Periodontol 2000. 2021;87(1):50-75. doi: 10.1111/prd.12379</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Woelber JP, Reichenbächer K, Groß T, Vach K, Ratka-Krüger P, Bartha V. Dietary and Nutraceutical Interventions as an Adjunct to Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy – A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2023;15(6):1538. doi: 10.3390/nu15061538</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Woelber JP, Reichenbächer K, Groß T, Vach K, Ratka-Krüger P, Bartha V. Dietary and Nutraceutical Interventions as an Adjunct to Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy – A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2023;15(6):1538. doi: 10.3390/nu15061538</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Dyke TE, Sima C. Understanding resolution of inflammation in periodontal diseases: Is chronic inflammatory periodontitis a failure to resolve? Periodontol 2000. 2020;82(1):205-213. doi: 10.1111/prd.12317</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Dyke TE, Sima C. Understanding resolution of inflammation in periodontal diseases: Is chronic inflammatory periodontitis a failure to resolve? Periodontol 2000. 2020;82(1):205-213. doi: 10.1111/prd.12317</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calder PC. n-3 PUFA and inflammation: from membrane to nucleus and from bench to bedside. Proc Nutr Soc. 2020:1-13. doi: 10.1017/S0029665120007077</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calder PC. n-3 PUFA and inflammation: from membrane to nucleus and from bench to bedside. Proc Nutr Soc. 2020:1-13. doi: 10.1017/S0029665120007077</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mamikutty N, Thent ZC, Sapri SR, Sahruddin NN, Mohd Yusof MR, et al. The establishment of metabolic syndrome model by induction of fructose drinking water in male Wistar rats. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:263897. doi: 10.1155/2014/263897</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mamikutty N, Thent ZC, Sapri SR, Sahruddin NN, Mohd Yusof MR, et al. The establishment of metabolic syndrome model by induction of fructose drinking water in male Wistar rats. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:263897. doi: 10.1155/2014/263897</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neprelyuk O, Neprelyuk S, Vyselko A, Dzhelip A, Shemyakina I, Severinova S et al. A Modified Experimental Model of Periodontitis in Rats: Morphological and Cytokine Profile. Journal of International Dental &amp; Medical Research. 2024;17(1):15-21. Режим доступа / Available from: http://www.jidmr.com/journal/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/3-D24_2998_Maxim_A_Kriventsov_Russia-Exp.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neprelyuk O, Neprelyuk S, Vyselko A, Dzhelip A, Shemyakina I, Severinova S et al. A Modified Experimental Model of Periodontitis in Rats: Morphological and Cytokine Profile. Journal of International Dental &amp; Medical Research. 2024;17(1):15-21. Режим доступа / Available from: http://www.jidmr.com/journal/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/3-D24_2998_Maxim_A_Kriventsov_Russia-Exp.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schroeder AB, Dobson ETA, Rueden CT, Tomancak P, Jug F, Eliceiri KW. The ImageJ ecosystem: Open-source software for image visualization, processing, and analysis. Protein Sci. 2021;30(1):234-249. doi: 10.1002/pro.3993</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schroeder AB, Dobson ETA, Rueden CT, Tomancak P, Jug F, Eliceiri KW. The ImageJ ecosystem: Open-source software for image visualization, processing, and analysis. Protein Sci. 2021;30(1):234-249. doi: 10.1002/pro.3993</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jin J, Machado ER, Yu H, Zhang X, Lu Z, Li Y et al. Simvastatin inhibits LPS-induced alveolar bone loss during metabolic syndrome. J Dent Res. 2014;93(3):294-299. doi: 10.1177/0022034513516980</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jin J, Machado ER, Yu H, Zhang X, Lu Z, Li Y et al. Simvastatin inhibits LPS-induced alveolar bone loss during metabolic syndrome. J Dent Res. 2014;93(3):294-299. doi: 10.1177/0022034513516980</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ye J, Coulouris G, Zaretskaya I, Cutcutache I, Rozen S, Madden TL. Primer-BLAST: a tool to design target-specific primers for polymerase chain reaction. BMC Bioinformatics. 2012;13:134. doi: 10.1186/1471-2105-13-134</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ye J, Coulouris G, Zaretskaya I, Cutcutache I, Rozen S, Madden TL. Primer-BLAST: a tool to design target-specific primers for polymerase chain reaction. BMC Bioinformatics. 2012;13:134. doi: 10.1186/1471-2105-13-134</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods. 2001;25(4):402-408. doi: 10.1006/meth.2001.1262</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods. 2001;25(4):402-408. doi: 10.1006/meth.2001.1262</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghasemi A, Zahediasl S. Normality tests for statistical analysis: a guide for non-statisticians. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;10(2):486-489. doi: 10.5812/ijem.3505</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ghasemi A, Zahediasl S. Normality tests for statistical analysis: a guide for non-statisticians. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;10(2):486-489. doi: 10.5812/ijem.3505</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Y, Lu Z, Zhang X, Yu H, Kirkwood KL, Lopes-Virella MF et al. Metabolic syndrome exacerbates inflammation and bone loss in periodontitis. J Dent Res. 2015;94(2):362-370. doi: 10.1177/0022034514561658</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Y, Lu Z, Zhang X, Yu H, Kirkwood KL, Lopes-Virella MF et al. Metabolic syndrome exacerbates inflammation and bone loss in periodontitis. J Dent Res. 2015;94(2):362-370. doi: 10.1177/0022034514561658</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lu Z, Li Y, Yu H, Lopes-Virella MF, Huang Y. High-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome increases ligature-induced alveolar bone loss in mice. Oral Dis. 2023;29(3):1312-1323. doi: 10.1111/odi.14105</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lu Z, Li Y, Yu H, Lopes-Virella MF, Huang Y. High-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome increases ligature-induced alveolar bone loss in mice. Oral Dis. 2023;29(3):1312-1323. doi: 10.1111/odi.14105</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Y, Lu Z, Kirkwood CL, Kirkwood KL, Wank SA, Li AJ et al. GPR40 deficiency worsens metabolic syndrome-associated periodontitis in mice. J Periodontal Res. 2023;58(3):575-587. doi: 10.1111/jre.13107</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Y, Lu Z, Kirkwood CL, Kirkwood KL, Wank SA, Li AJ et al. GPR40 deficiency worsens metabolic syndrome-associated periodontitis in mice. J Periodontal Res. 2023;58(3):575-587. doi: 10.1111/jre.13107</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Preshaw PM, Alba AL, Herrera D, Jepsen S, Konstantinidis A, Makrilakis K et al. Periodontitis and diabetes: a two-way relationship. Diabetologia. 2012;55(1):21-31. doi: 10.1007/s00125-011-2342-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Preshaw PM, Alba AL, Herrera D, Jepsen S, Konstantinidis A, Makrilakis K et al. Periodontitis and diabetes: a two-way relationship. Diabetologia. 2012;55(1):21-31. doi: 10.1007/s00125-011-2342-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khosravi R, Ka K, Huang T, Khalili S, Nguyen BH, Nicolau B, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6: potential interorgan inflammatory mediators contributing to destructive periodontal disease in obesity or metabolic syndrome. Mediators Inflamm. 2013;2013:728987. doi: 10.1155/2013/728987</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khosravi R, Ka K, Huang T, Khalili S, Nguyen BH, Nicolau B, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6: potential interorgan inflammatory mediators contributing to destructive periodontal disease in obesity or metabolic syndrome. Mediators Inflamm. 2013;2013:728987. doi: 10.1155/2013/728987</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arreguin-Cano JA, Ayerdi-Nájera B, Tacuba-Saavedra A, Navarro-Tito N, Dávalos-Martínez A, Emigdio-Vargas A et al. MMP-2 salivary activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2019;11:113. doi: 10.1186/s13098-019-0510-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arreguin-Cano JA, Ayerdi-Nájera B, Tacuba-Saavedra A, Navarro-Tito N, Dávalos-Martínez A, Emigdio-Vargas A et al. MMP-2 salivary activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2019;11:113. doi: 10.1186/s13098-019-0510-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Negrato CA, Tarzia O, Jovanovič L, Chinellato LE. Periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus. J Appl Oral Sci. 2013;21(1):1-12. doi: 10.1590/1678-7757201302106</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Negrato CA, Tarzia O, Jovanovič L, Chinellato LE. Periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus. J Appl Oral Sci. 2013;21(1):1-12. doi: 10.1590/1678-7757201302106</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thomas JT, Joseph B, Varghese S, Thomas NG, Kamalasanan Vijayakumary B, Sorsa T et al. Association between metabolic syndrome and salivary MMP-8, myeloperoxidase in periodontitis. Oral Dis. 2024. doi: 10.1111/odi.15014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thomas JT, Joseph B, Varghese S, Thomas NG, Kamalasanan Vijayakumary B, Sorsa T et al. Association between metabolic syndrome and salivary MMP-8, myeloperoxidase in periodontitis. Oral Dis. 2024. doi: 10.1111/odi.15014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maftei GA, Martu MA, Martu MC, Popescu D, Surlin P, Tatarciuc D, et al. Correlations between Salivary Immuno-Biochemical Markers and HbA1c in Type 2 Diabetes Subjects before and after Dental Extraction. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10(11):1741. doi: 10.3390/antiox10111741</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maftei GA, Martu MA, Martu MC, Popescu D, Surlin P, Tatarciuc D, et al. Correlations between Salivary Immuno-Biochemical Markers and HbA1c in Type 2 Diabetes Subjects before and after Dental Extraction. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10(11):1741. doi: 10.3390/antiox10111741</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Campos JR, Martins CC, Faria SFS, Carvalho AP, Pereira AG, Costa FO, et al. Association between components of metabolic syndrome and periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2022;26(9):5557-5574. doi: 10.1007/s00784-022-04583-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Campos JR, Martins CC, Faria SFS, Carvalho AP, Pereira AG, Costa FO, et al. Association between components of metabolic syndrome and periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2022;26(9):5557-5574. doi: 10.1007/s00784-022-04583-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Montero E, Molina A, Carasol M, Fernández-Meseguer A, Calvo-Bonacho E, Teresa García-Margallo M, et al. The association between metabolic syndrome and periodontitis in Spain: Results from the WORALTH (Workers' ORAL healTH) Study. J Clin Periodontol. 2021;48(1):37-49. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.13391</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Montero E, Molina A, Carasol M, Fernández-Meseguer A, Calvo-Bonacho E, Teresa García-Margallo M, et al. The association between metabolic syndrome and periodontitis in Spain: Results from the WORALTH (Workers' ORAL healTH) Study. J Clin Periodontol. 2021;48(1):37-49. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.13391</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kotin J, Walther C, Wenzel U, Zyriax BC, Borof K, Schnabel RB, et al. Association between periodontitis and metabolic syndrome in the Hamburg City Health Study. J Periodontol. 2022;93(8):1150-1160. doi: 10.1002/JPER.21-0464</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kotin J, Walther C, Wenzel U, Zyriax BC, Borof K, Schnabel RB, et al. Association between periodontitis and metabolic syndrome in the Hamburg City Health Study. J Periodontol. 2022;93(8):1150-1160. doi: 10.1002/JPER.21-0464</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim JI, Choi CH, Chung KH. No Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Periodontitis in Korean Postmenopausal Women. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(21):11110. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182111110</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim JI, Choi CH, Chung KH. No Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Periodontitis in Korean Postmenopausal Women. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(21):11110. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182111110</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rosário-Dos-Santos HL, Miranda SS, Gomes-Filho IS, Cruz SSD, Figueiredo ACMG, Souza ES, et al. Periodontitis severity relationship with metabolic syndrome: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Oral Dis. 2023;29(7):2512-2520. doi: 10.1111/odi.14428</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rosário-Dos-Santos HL, Miranda SS, Gomes-Filho IS, Cruz SSD, Figueiredo ACMG, Souza ES, et al. Periodontitis severity relationship with metabolic syndrome: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Oral Dis. 2023;29(7):2512-2520. doi: 10.1111/odi.14428</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kruse AB, Kowalski CD, Leuthold S, Vach K, Ratka-Krüger P, Woelber JP. What is the impact of the adjunctive use of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of periodontitis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lipids Health Dis. 2020;19(1):100. doi: 10.1186/s12944-020-01267-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kruse AB, Kowalski CD, Leuthold S, Vach K, Ratka-Krüger P, Woelber JP. What is the impact of the adjunctive use of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of periodontitis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lipids Health Dis. 2020;19(1):100. doi: 10.1186/s12944-020-01267-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miroult C, Lasserre J, Toma S. Effects of Omega-3 as an adjuvant in the treatment of periodontal disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2023;9(4):545-556. doi: 10.1002/cre2.736</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miroult C, Lasserre J, Toma S. Effects of Omega-3 as an adjuvant in the treatment of periodontal disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2023;9(4):545-556. doi: 10.1002/cre2.736</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ozaki Y, Morozumi T, Watanabe K, Toyama T, Sasaki H, Sato T, et al. Inhibitory effect of omega-3 fatty acids on alveolar bone resorption and osteoclast differentiation. J Oral Sci. 2020;62(3):298-302. doi: 10.2334/josnusd.19-0267</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ozaki Y, Morozumi T, Watanabe K, Toyama T, Sasaki H, Sato T, et al. Inhibitory effect of omega-3 fatty acids on alveolar bone resorption and osteoclast differentiation. J Oral Sci. 2020;62(3):298-302. doi: 10.2334/josnusd.19-0267</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stańdo-Retecka M, Piatek P, Namiecinska M, Bonikowski R, Lewkowicz P, Lewkowicz N. Clinical and microbiological outcomes of subgingival instrumentation supplemented with high-dose omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in periodontal treatment - a randomized clinical trial. BMC Oral Health. 2023;23(1):290. doi: 10.1186/s12903-023-03018-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stańdo-Retecka M, Piatek P, Namiecinska M, Bonikowski R, Lewkowicz P, Lewkowicz N. Clinical and microbiological outcomes of subgingival instrumentation supplemented with high-dose omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in periodontal treatment - a randomized clinical trial. BMC Oral Health. 2023;23(1):290. doi: 10.1186/s12903-023-03018-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">González-Alva P, Solís-Suárez DL, Cifuentes-Mendiola SE, García-Hernández AL. A diet rich in omega-3 fatty acid improves periodontitis and tissue destruction by MMP2- and MMP9-linked inflammation in a murine model. Odontology. 2023. doi: 10.1007/s10266-023-00831-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">González-Alva P, Solís-Suárez DL, Cifuentes-Mendiola SE, García-Hernández AL. A diet rich in omega-3 fatty acid improves periodontitis and tissue destruction by MMP2- and MMP9-linked inflammation in a murine model. Odontology. 2023. doi: 10.1007/s10266-023-00831-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oliveira MOA, Leonço ÁR, Pavani VB, Barbosa IR, Campos MM. Omega-3 Effects on Ligature-Induced Periodontitis in Rats with Fructose-Induced Metabolic Syndrome. Inflammation. 2023;46(1):388-403. doi: 10.1007/s10753-022-01741-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oliveira MOA, Leonço ÁR, Pavani VB, Barbosa IR, Campos MM. Omega-3 Effects on Ligature-Induced Periodontitis in Rats with Fructose-Induced Metabolic Syndrome. Inflammation. 2023;46(1):388-403. doi: 10.1007/s10753-022-01741-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
