Clinical evaluation of xerostomia manifestations in young-old and middle-old adults

Relevance. The subjective evaluation and analysis of clinical manifestations and risk factors for the development of xerostomia in young- and middle-old adults living in Novosibirsk and the Novosibirsk region plays a leading role in choosing the treatment strategy for this category of patients.
Material and methods. A single-stage open study involved 101 people, of whom 48% (n = 49) were male and 52% (n = 52) were female. The average age of the examined was 66.3 [60.0; 88.0] years; 64 subjects were young-old patients (60.0; 75.0), and 37 subjects were middle-old patients (75.0; 88.0). All examined patients underwent an assessment of their dental status and subjective evaluation of xerostomia severity using the validated Russian version of the "The Summated Xerostomia Inventory" (XI). Xerostomia diagnosis in the study patients included the examination according to "The Challacombe Scale of Clinical Oral Dryness" (CSCOD) and sialometry. Taking records of comorbidities, malnutrition syndrome, systemic medications, and bad habits helped to study the risk factors for xerostomia development.
Results. The analysis of the subjective evaluation and signs in older patients most frequently revealed moderate xerostomia. There was a moderate negative correlation between the age of the examined and the salivary secretion rate (ρ = -0.578, p < 0.01). Women more often showed severe xerostomia (p < 0.001). The examination of 87.6% of the subjects revealed xerostomia manifestations, confirmed by clinical signs and laboratory data. In 12.4% of patients with complaints and clinical signs of x erostomia, sialometry did not confirm xerostomia.
Conclusion. The study results showed a decrease in the secretion rate in older patients with age. In women, complaints and clinical and laboratory signs of xerostomia were more pronounced. Patients' subjective assessment of dry mouth manifestations did not always correspond to the xerostomia clinical and laboratory diagnostic data. The prevalence of xerogenic risk factors was established in young-old and middle-old patients.

1. Sarapultseva MV. The effectiveness of the use of hygiene products with lacto peroxidase for oral care in patients with xerostomia. Actual problems in dentistry. 2008;(1):58-61 (In Russ.). Available from: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/effektivnost-primeneniya-sredstv-gigieny-s-laktoperoksidazoy-dlya-uhoda-za-polostyu-rta-u-patsientov-s-kserostomiey

2. Khodjaeva MYu, Yakubova LK, Mukhamedov I. Evaluation of biochemical factors leading to xerostomia. Internauka. 2021;(8-1):43-47(184) (In Russ.). Available from: https://www.internauka.org/journal/science/inter-nauka/184

3. Gandara BK, Truelove EL, Sommers EE. Preventive oral medicine for the geriatric patient: focus on soft tissue. CDA J. 1985;13(12):21-27. Режим доступа: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3866639/

4. Afanasiev VV, Kalinchenko SYu, Vinokurov NV, Vorslov LO, Fomin AM. Xerostomia as a cause of impaired digestion. Vopr. dietol. (Nutrition). 2021;11(2):56–58 (In Russ.). doi: 10.20953/2224-5448-2021-2-56-58

5. Makeeva IM, Doroshina VIu, Arakelian MG. Xerostomia and means that facilitate its symptoms. Stomatologiya. 2013;92(5):12-13. (In Russ.). Available from: https://www.mediasphera.ru/issues/stomatologiya/2013/5/030039-1735201353

6. Arakelyan MG, Tambovtseva NV, Arzukanyan AV. The main causes and clinical manifestations of xerostomia. Russian Dental Journal. 2016;20(2):74-78 (In Russ.). Available from: https://rjdentistry.com/1728-2802/article/view/42049

7. Gileva OS, Smirnova EN, Pozdnyakova AA, Libik TV. Hallmarks of diagnosis and treatment of xerostomia syndrome in patients with periodontal and oral mucosal diseases and diabetes mellitus type 2. RMJ. 2016;(20):1340-1345 (In Russ.). Available from: https://www.rmj.ru/articles/endokrinologiya/Osobennosti_diagnostiki_i_lecheniya_kserostomicheskogo_sindroma_pri_zabolevaniyah_parodonta_i_slizistoy_obolochki_polosti_rta_u_pacientov_s_saharnym_diabetom_2-go_tipa

8. Derkacheva EI, Ron GI. The clinical manifestation in the oral cavity xerostomia different etiology. Ural’skiy meditsinskiy zhurnal. 2014;(5):44–47 (In Russ.). Available from: http://elib.usma.ru/bitstream/usma/14750/1/UMJ_2014_119_5_010.pdf

9. Hoseini A, Mirzapour A, Bijani A, Shirzad A. Salivary flow rate and xerostomia in patients with type I and II diabetes mellitus. Electron Physician. 2017;9(9):5244-5249. doi: 10.19082/5244

10. Sreebny LM, Vissink A, editors. Dry mouth, the malevolent symptom: a clinical guide. Singapore: Wiley-Blackwell. 2018;268 p.

11. Levin OS, Shindriaeva NN, Anikina MA. Druginduced parkinsonism. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2012;112(8):76-81 (In Russ.). Available from: https://www.mediasphera.ru/issues/zhurnal-nevrologii-i-psikhiatrii-im-s-s-korsakova/2012/8/031997-72982012814?ysclid=lpihk9o2ej137993261

12. Komarova KV, Ratkina NN, Polenichkin VK. The method of assessment of salivary glands secretory function. Kazanskiy meditsinskiy zhurnal. 2014;94(2):245–246 (In Russ.). doi: 10.17816/KMJ1597

13. Makeeva IM, Volkov AG, Arakelian MG, Makarenko NV. Factors aggravating symptoms of xerostomia. Stomatologiya. 2017;96(1):25-27 (In Russ.). doi: 10.17116/stomat201796125-27

14. Mamajonova ShG, Galchinskaya PS, Bogdanova SE, Stukov NV, Ulyanovska SA. Age features of human salivary glands. International Journal of Experimental Education. 2016;(5-3):388-389 (In Russ.). Available from: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=25981567

15. Pozdnyakova AA, Gileva OS, Libik TV, Satyukova LYa. Patcularities of oral mucosa diseases a clinical manifestations and influence of xerostomic symptom on oral health – related quality of life. Modern problems of science and education. 2013:2 (In Russ.). Available from: https://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=8897&ysclid=lpiihlv09q992139704

16. Belenova IA, Kopbaeva MT, Popova OB, Smazhko OA. Xerostomia as an idiopathic symptom in dentistry. Applied information aspects of medicine. 2023;1(26):36-41 (In Russ.). Available from: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=50496645

17. Tkacheva ON, Tutelyan VA, Shestopalov AE, Kotovskaya YuV, Starodubova AV, Pogozheva АV, et al. Nutritional insufficiency (malnutrition) in older adults. Clinical recommendations. Russian Journal of Geriatric Medicine. 2021;(1):15-34 (In Russ.). doi: 10.37586/2686-8636-1-2021-15-34

18. Sapin MR, Nikityuk DB, Chava SV. Реculiarities of morphogenesis of small glands of tubular inner organs. Sistemnyj analiz i upravlenie v biomedicinskih sistemah. 2013;12(1):72-78 (In Russ.). Available from: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=25981567

19. Turusheva AV, Moiseeva IE. Malnutrition in the elderly and old age. Russian Family Doctor. 2019;23(1):5-15 (In Russ.). doi: 10.17816/RFD201915-15

20. Villa A, Polimeni A, Strohmenger L, Strohmenger L, Cicciu D, Gherlone E, et al. Dental patients’ self-reports of xerostomia and associated risk factors. JADA. 2018;142(7):811–816. doi: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2011.01347.x

21. Wolff A, Joshi RK, Ekström J, Aframian D, Pedersen AM, Proctor G, Narayana N, et al. A Guide to Medications Inducing Salivary Gland Dysfunction, Xerostomia, and Subjective Sialorrhea: A Systematic Review Sponsored by the World Workshop on Oral Medicine VI. Drugs R D. 2017;17(1):1-28. doi: 10.1007/s40268-016-0153-9

22. Niklander S, Veas L, Barrera C, Fuentes F, Chiappini G, Marshall M. Risk factors, hyposalivation and impact of xerostomia on oral health-related quality of life. Braz Oral Res. 2017;31:e14.. doi: 10.1590/1807-3107BOR-2017.vol31.0014