Cemento-osseous dysplasia of the jaws: diagnostic challenges in a clinical case

Relevance. Cemento-osseous dysplasia is a benign fibro-osseous lesion of the jaws that is often asymptomatic and may be mistaken for apical periodontitis. Misdiagnosis may lead to unnecessary treatment. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) plays an important role in the diagnosis of this condition and in its differential diagnosis from other periapical lesions.

Description of the clinical case. This report describes a clinical case of a localized cemento-osseous lesion in the anterior mandible, with imaging findings consistent with cemento-osseous dysplasia. The diagnostic workup was based on CBCT and digital intraoral radiography. Radiographic features of the lesion were evaluated, and the differential diagnosis included other fibro-osseous lesions and apical periodontitis, taking into account previous iatrogenic intervention associated with dental implant placement. The case highlights the importance of careful interpretation of CBCT and intraoral radiographs in identifying both typical and atypical features of cemento-osseous dysplasia.

Conclusion. CBCT plays a key role in the diagnosis of cemento-osseous dysplasia and in treatment planning, helping to avoid unnecessary endodontic or surgical intervention. This case illustrates a practical imaging-based approach to the differential diagnosis of cemento-osseous dysplasia.

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