The review analyzes the results of studying the molecular genetic mechanisms of the development of pathological processes in the periodontium. The data showing the connection of the genes GLT6D1, ANRIL, DEFB1, IL-1, IL-10, COX 2, MMP-9, NPY with the appearance of periodontal diseases is presented. Data on the main genetic syndromes, which in most cases are accompanied by periodontal diseases, are presented. It is concluded that a deeper understanding of molecular-genetic processes in the periodontium can be the basis for the development of new effective programs for the prevention and treatment of periodontitis.

In present article data on clinical characteristic, diagnostic and complex treatment principles of specific periodontal diseases in patients with lichen planus (LP) were presented. A retrospective analysis of clinical and laboratory data of 342 patients with LP allowed to reveal the incidence, clinical (indices OHI-S, PMA, BoP, PBI, PIRI) and topographic features of the LP-associated periodontal disease. The detection rate of LP elements on gingiva ranges from 38.3% to 100.0% depending on the form of LP. Isolated lesions of the gums in the form of desquamative gingivitis was identified in 9,1% of patients with extensive skin and mucous LP. The clinical efficacy of LP complex treatment with the use of immunosuppressive drugs was confirmed by the significant (p < 0,001) reduction of periodontal indices OHI-S (by 81,2%), PMA (by 65,1%), PBI (by 72,8%), BoP (by 61,3%) and high magnitude of the «effect» of treatment in terms of ΔOHIP-49-RU - 0,97.

In 89 children with autoimmune diabetes mellitus in the period of the mixed occlusion at different stages of compensation of the disease studied the dental status and the level of immunological (IgA, IgM, IgG, sIgA, lysozyme activity), biochemical (T-lymphocytes CD3, CD4, CD8, CD25 phenotype, β-Cross-Laps, osteocalcin) hematological parameters investigated salivary of cellular, humoral links of immunity and the balance of bone metabolism. Data were compared with similar parameters 38 healthy children. The obtained results indicate that with increasing severity of endocrine pathology in children with diabetes mellitus type I there is a significant weakening of the recovery processes of bone tissue, the development of local immunodeficiency, depression of cellular immunity, and immunologic and metabolic disorders. At all stages of compensation endocrine pathology there is a significant deterioration in the dental status in the presence of destructive processes in periodontal tissues and hard tissues of the teeth.

The article reflects the results of studies of the prevalence of vesicles, depending on the age, the ratio of men and women in this disease. The presented questions of etiology and pathogenesis of pemphigus, noted that the leading role is assigned to autoimmune processes in the body. We have studied the clinical manifestations of vesicles in various forms (vulgar, vegetative, leafy, erythematous) of the disease.It is established that in the oral cavity the vulgar form is most often manifested. Clinical cases of patients with pemphigus are presented. In etiopathogenesis of pemphigus there are aspects on which it is necessary to conduct multicomplex additional studies to improve the effectiveness of treatment and the quality of life of this category of patients. Early diagnosis of pemphigus contributes to a more favorable course of the disease and a prolonged, persistent remission. This article is especially relevant for dentists, since they are often the first to face manifestations of pemphigus in the oral cavity.

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of teeth caused by specific microorganisms, resulting in progressive destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone with pocket formation, recession or both. In this case a systemically compromised patient with generalized chronic periodontitis was treated with a fullmouth disinfection approach. The treatment goal was to establish healthy periodontal condition in the oral cavity, to improve the patient’s oral hygiene and to motivate for its maintenance. Conventional debridement and full mouth disinfection treatment modalities are the effective way of debridement in the cause-related phase of periodontal therapy of patients with chronic periodontitis.

Professional oral hygiene plays a leading role in the prevention of inflammatory periodontal diseases. The results of dynamic clinical, immunological, microbiological and electron microscopic studies indicate that the efficiency of removal of dental deposits by a combined method (ultrasonic and manual zone-specific curettes) is 67% more effective than in the treatment of hard tooth tissues only by ultrasonic periodontal systems. But despite the improvement in the clinical status of patients with periodontal inflammatory diseases, regardless of the type of instrumental periodontal systems used, the results of microbiological studies indicate a change in the microbial landscape of the dental caries and the periodontal pocket and their colonization by other species of opportunistic microorganisms with a low degree of colonization (Klebsiella oxytoca, Streptococcus Pyogenes - 4 ± 0.3 CFU / ml). Regardless of the fact that the microbiota composition of the oral cavity changes after performing occupational hygiene in various ways, a change in the ratio of the level of proinflammatory (INf-γ, TNF-α, IL-8) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4) cytokines is observed, which, on the one hand, Testifies to the correction of the local immune status of the oral cavity, and, on the other hand, promotes the adaptation of the microflora, which once again populated the biotope of the marigold groove and the periodontal pocket, to the state of the local immune status. Key words: inflammatory periodontal diseases, cytokines, instrumental periodontal systems, microbiota of the oral cavity, scanning electron microscopy.

The article notes the increase in the number of adults with combined pathology of internal organs and systems of the body that requires a special approach to dental rehabilitation of such patients. In modern clinical dental practice is not always the integrated treatment of dental patients with regard to their somatic pathology, given due attention. The modern literary trends and information on the dental health of adults in the pathology of internal organs, as well as the algorithm of complex treatment of dental diseases by optimizing the volume of diagnostic and therapeutic measures in view of the functional state and the level of adaptation of the organism, as well as somatic pathology.

Periodontal maintenance (PM) is an important factor in supporting results of active periodontal treatment. The purpose of our study is a comparative evaluation of quality of dental plaque removal by electric toothbrushes with different types of bristle movement and manual toothbrushes. The material of the study was 4 incisors extracted simultaneously due to periodontal disease. Three teeth were mounted in plaster and their labial surface was cleaned during 10 second without paste in wet medium with various toothbrushes: manual and electric (oscillating-rotating and vibrating types of bristle motion). Biofilm was not removed from one tooth (control). Prepared samples were examined in a scanning electron microscope. Thus, manual toothbrushing cannot properly remove microbial biofilm from tooth enamel. The result was different when oscillation-rotation cleaning system (Oral-B) was used. Signs of «sweeping» were found out in CEJ area. Signs of «sweeping» detected in two previous cleaning options were not revealed after Philips Sonicare FlexCare Platinum application. Efficiency of Philips Sonicare FlexCare Platinum is proved not only by quality cleaning of enamel surface due to dynamic fluid flow but by the absence of «sweeping» phenomenon in CEJ area after bristle vibrations.

On the basis of inspection of 237 people (99 men of 138 women) aged from 61 up to 87 years having various diseases of sialadens and 370 (114 men and 256 women) aged from 61 up to 88 years (control group) the frequency of occurrence and feature of a clinical course of diseases of a parodont is studied. It is shown that development of a syndrome of «a dry mouth» at pathology of sialadens adversely influences the course of diseases of a parodont, creating conditions for their synchronization and a frequent retsidivirovaniye.

Study of dental status of patients with biomineralopatology to improve preventive measures aimed at improving the dental health of this category of patients. Dental examination conducted 57 patients with gallstone disease and urolithiasis, salivary stone disease. Most poor hygiene of the oral cavity (indices: IGFV and OHI-S) and inflammation of the gums (gingivitis index PMA) found in patients with salivary stone disease.

Diagnosis of the level of halitosis (bad breath) is very important, because this may indicate pathology gastrointestinal tract, upper respiratory tract, endocrine system. The most common cause of its occurrence is oral disease. The goal was to assess microbiocenosis of periodontal pockets using probiotic complex in the treatment of periodontitis accompanied by halitosis. The study involved 118 people with periodontal disease of varying severity, accompanied by periodontitis. The use of probiotic complex in treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases, accompanied by halitosis increases the efficiency of traditional therapy. And the main method in the evaluation of microbiological composition of periodontal pockets is PCR diagnostics.

The development of complications in fractures of the mandible depends on many factors, including violations of local and general blood supply, neurotrophic disorders and the presence of inflammatory periodontal diseases.

Comparative study of the results of complex treatment of periodontitis on the background of chronic alcoholism was performed in 79 patients. The control group consisted of 32 patients with periodontal disease do not drink alcohol. Recovery time digital values of the sample Schiller-Pisarev, indices PI, PMA, local thermometry were in direct proportion to the duration of alcoholic disease. So, if the 1st (main) group, this period lasted from 14 to 30, the patients in the 2nd (control) group (not consuming alcohol) for 7-10 days. As soon as possible after the complex therapy with the use of antioxidants and antihypoxants for decreasing the local inflammatory response, aktiviziruyutsya regenerative processes, restores blood flow to the periodontal tissues and of the patient generally occurs in a shorter time.

The problem of availability and effectiveness of reconstructive dental procedures remains valid. The article presents the results of an experimental, histological and morphometric research confirming effectiveness of application of new xenogenic biomaterials in reconstructive dental procedures in conditions of chronic inflammation such as generalized periodontitis.

The paper presents the analysis of the microbial composition in different biotopes of oral cavity in young patients depending on the dental status. A comprehensive clinical examination of 105 young adults (55 men and 50 women) aged 20 to 35 years. Microbiological examination included the study of samples of different biotopes of oral cavity with use of selective and non-selective media, as well as the test system for the qualitative detection of the presence of the pathogen and its localization by PCR. Using polymerase chain reaction samples samples of plaque, and gingival fluid content of the periodontal pocket to determine the qualitative composition of periodontopathogenic microorganisms and endodеntalis Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythensis, Treponema denticola, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum at persons of young age chronic catarrhal gingivitis and periodontitis mild severity, as well as in patients with clinically intact periodontium. Depending on the clinical condition of periodontal tissues in the total microflora of different biotopes of oral cavity significantly increases the incidence of detection of periodontopathogenic micro organisms such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, on the background of identifying the pathogenic lactic acid bacteria and yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida. Obtained in the course of the study, data of prognostic importance not only for the diagnosis of inflammatory periodontal diseases, but also for the development of effective therapeutic and preventive measures in young depending on the clinical condition of periodontal tissues.

This article is devoted to the evaluation of the effectiveness of therapeutic and prophylactic toothpaste for patients with chronic periodontal disease, such as chronic catarrhal gingivitis or mild chronic generalized periodontitis. 90 patients were selected for the study, who assessed the state of oral health level both prior to use particular toothpaste, and 30 days after. All test parameters are analyzed and presented by the authors as a material for an informed choice by dentists of personal hygiene for patients with chronic periodontal disease

At present, many new technologies and methods for treating periodontal diseases appear in dentistry. Now, the use of lasers in periodontal treatment creates special conditions: to accelerate the periods of treatment and healing, improve local immunity, ensure sufficient accuracy of manipulation, minimize complications and undesirable effects, and lack resistance of microflora to repeated courses of treatment. In this review, the literature presents the mechanisms of photodynamic therapy, used in combination with surgical methods and modern materials to improve the treatment of periodontal diseases, suggested the principles of the effect of the photodynamic effect on pathological cells. This allows you to reduce the time and volume of surgical interventions on periodontal tissue and the healing period.