Relevance. The guided bone regeneration (GBR) technique during dental implant treatment, if alveolar bone/part of the jaws is lost, stands out for its effective potential, the main factor of which is the possibility of the necessary bone volume restoration having morphofunctional signs of organotypicity. The prognosis effectiveness of such reconstruction outcome directly depends on the wound process characteristics. The variability of the latter, subject to an unbiased quantitative assessment, can be essential for predictive analysis and prognosis.
Aim. The study aimed to develop a technique for quantitative assessment of surgical wound healing (exemplified with an extracted tooth socket), described in the first part of the publication.
Materials and methods. The clinical study involved 20 patients of both sexes diagnosed with the condition after dental implantation and reconstruction of the alveolar bone volume using the GBR technique modified by the formation of a situational vicryl framework (SVF). We determined the following parameters: independent and dependent variables, with their indirect mutually dependent influence on a favourable, compromised or unfavourable treatment outcome, based on the wound healing process follow-up and assessment of immediate results in the early, middle and late postoperative period − up to 1 month, and the analysis of delayed – from 1 month to 1 year, and long-term – over one year. These variables are characterized as quantitative indicators – biomarkers, processed by the correlation and regression analysis using the Gretl statistical package.
Results. The study revealed a direct correlation regarding all parameters as independent (factor) and dependent (effect) variables necessary for quantifying the wound healing process variability. The created linear regression model confirmed the empirically observed and theoretically substantiated idea of the reciprocal influence of normal and pathological variations of wound healing process on an outcome of dental implantation in the reconstruction of the alveolar bone defect. The correlation and regression analysis for an unbiased quantitative assessment of surgical wound healing demonstrated the statistically explicable behaviour of dependent variables at a 95% le vel.
Conclusion. The correlation and regression analysis performed using the presented data indicates a direct correlation between the parameters of a favourable, compromised and unfavourable outcome of dental implantation during the reconstruction of the alveolar bone volume using the GBR technique modified by the formation of SVF and variables expressed by biomarkers, such as the initial complexity of clinical conditions, duration of surgery, mechanical load of the wound, bio-reactive properties of the additional materials required in the w ound.

Relevance. Periodontitis is a common chronic infectious and inflammatory disease. Multiple microorganisms, including periodontal pathogens in the dental biofilm, are the principal reason for inflammatory periodontal diseases. The initial stage of periodontitis treatment involves the mechanical removal of dental deposits from the tooth surface. Subgingival scaling is technically complex due to the limited visualization. An experienced clinician does not always have a chance to thoroughly treat all roo ts’ surfaces and remove all plaque and tartar.
Modern technology, e.g., Perioscopy, enables illumination and visualization of periodontal pockets and their content. Thus, dental endoscopy technology practicability determination requires the study of the systematization of a large initial data array.
Materials and methods. Publications were searched and studied in seven electronic databases PubMed, Google Search, Embase, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and SciELO II eLibrary. The study reviewed the articles published from 2000 to 2022, available in full text, and assessed for relevance. The search resulted in 119 selected publications. Based on the inclusion criteria, we selected 44 articles, which included 42 clinical trials and two reviews. The study methodology meets the requirements for systematic reviews (PRISMA).
Results. High-quality visualization allows for the operating field control enabling access to hard-to-reach areas and improves periodontal treatment outcomes. Closed periodontal scaling, the most commonly used non-surgical inflammatory periodontal disease treatment technique, is based on the dentist’s tactile sensations and experience. Due to the lack of visual control, even an experienced practitioner may not always effectively treat all surfaces or remove all plaque and tartar. The examination with the endoscope (Perioscopy) after the instrumentation reveals areas of tartar and biofilm remains, which may lead to further periodontal destruction and future surgical treatment. The article presents the studies proving the sufficient effectiveness of a dental endoscope for periodontal disease treatment. It is of note that the endoscope significantly increases the treatment quality in cases with deep pockets and severe periodontitis.
Conclusion. Endoscopic imaging of dental deposits and pocket content indirectly reduces the risk of recurrence and complications of inflammatory periodontal diseases. The treatment of patients with moderate and severe periodontitis requires the development of algorithms for the management of such patients with the mandatory use of an endoscope.

Relevance. In clinical practice, a dentist usually faces surgical wound healing peculiarities. We know that wound healing by primary intention is preferable, but the postoperative period does not always go this way. In practice, doctors observe a variety of wound healing options, which are not always documented correctly and in full. An incomplete and unprecise diagnosis may lead to c omplications, including iatrogenic ones.
Material and methods. This study included patients undergoing surgical treatment in the Samara dental outpatient department. The study assessed the healing of periodontal and peri-implant tissues on the 4^th-5^th day after surgery. One hundred-and-thirty subjects, aged 27 to 65 y.o., participated in the study.
Results. The study revealed the criteria for oral surgical wound healing, which included density and quality of the approximation of wound edges, oedema, exudate, hyperemia, fibrin coat amount, and purulent discharge. The study also recorded the subjective sensations of the patients. After analyzing the postoperative wound condition, we divided the patients into groups according to a similar clinical situation. We identified six types of wound healing processes around implants and teeth. Thus, we formed classes and subclasses of our "Classification of periodontal and peri-implant surgical wound healing assessment." This classification will optimize and simplify communication between specialists and speed up medical charting. The analysis helped to develop and implement a decisionmaking algorithm for postoperative surgical site treatment.
Conclusion. The method of soft tissue condition classification and treatment after periodontal and peri-implant surgery is easily reproducible and available in routine outpatient surgical practice. The algorithm will allow for the successful treatment of surgical wounds based on the wound-healing process characteristics.

Relevance. Considering the role of personalized medicine in dental practice, the accumulation of knowledge about the genetic determinants of bacterial resistance and the use of antibacterial drugs, the learning of periodontal microbiota, sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs, the identification of key periodontal pathogens will allow predicting the development mechanisms of inflammatory periodontal diseases and monitoring and prescribing effective antibacterial therapy.
Aim. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of pathogens and the occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes in individuals with chronic generalized periodontitis (CGP).
Materials and methods. Clinical and laboratory examinations studied 163 subjects aged 18 to 45 years, of which there were 100 patients with inflammatory periodontal diseases and 63 subjects with intact periodontium. The study obtained periodontal pocket and gingival crevice swabs. The real-time PCR isolated marker bacteria and resistance genes to glycopeptide and β-lactam antibiotics.
Results. The patients with chronic periodontitis demonstrated a periodontal pathogen detection rate of 96.4 %. Among the isolated periodontal pathogens, bacteria of the red complex were the most common: T. forsythia (81%; p < 0.001), T. denticola (63%; p = 0.054) and P. gingivalis (69%; p < 0.001). In healthy individuals with intact periodontium, P. gingivalis (12.7%), T. denticola (47.62%), and T. forsythia (36.51%) prevailed in the studied material, i.e., gingival fluid. The mean ratio of bone loss in relation to the root length (the Fuchs Index) was 0.83 ± 0.03 in patients with mild CGP and 0.71 ± 0.05 with moderate CGP. The β-lactam antibiotic resistance genes appeared to occur frequently (%). So, TEM and SHV genes were in 72% and 26%. The control group demonstrated the TEM gene in 41.27% (p < 0.001) and the SHV gene in 4.76% (p < 0.001).
The group with CGP appeared to have resistance genetic markers: MecA to cephalosporins (15%) and OXA-51 to carbapenems (9%). The control group detected MecA (6.35%; p = 0.0948), while OXA-51 markers were absent (p = 0.014). Both groups did not show resistance genes to other antibiotic groups (AB).
Conclusion. The "red complex" microorganisms T. forsythia, T. denticola and P. gingivalis, which were the most frequent during the progression of bone destruction, appeared to play the leading role in the onset and progression of inflammatory periodontal diseases.
The oral microbiome can serve as a reservoir for the transfer of resistance genes: the study results indicate a high incidence rate (%) of β-lactam antibiotic resistance genes in the group of patients with chronic periodontitis. The group with chronic periodontitis revealed TEM and SHV genes in 72% and 26%, respectively. The group with intact periodontium also demonstrated a high occurrence rate of the TEM gene in 58.3 % of cases.

Relevance. Jaw bone volume restoration during dental implantation and reconstructive oral surgery is a relevant problem in modern dentistry. In recent years, the needs of daily dental practice determined the search for new osteoplastic materials with desired properties, including cellular technologies, to stimulate bone regeneration and accelerate bone repair processes.
Materials and methods. The study used third molar area gingival specimens to create tissue-engineered constructs for bone matrix colonization, subject to in vitro expansion. Octacalcium-phosphate-based materials (OCP), used as the carrier matrix, were characterized by a larger particle surface area for a more developed microrelief, a bioresorption rate, and a hydrophilic surface. The finished tissue-engineered construct, consisting of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells colonized on the matrix, was implanted into an artificially created tibial defect in 8 Chinchilla male rabbits. Animal experiments were conducted according to ethical standards. Rabbits were sacrificed on days 8 and 12 for histological testing.
Results. In the early follow-up period (8 weeks), there were areas of mature bone with incorporated osteoblasts. Besides, there were areas of primary bone with adhesion lines. Later (12 weeks), such granules fully integrated into the diaphysis cortical part. The results showed the preservation of the low-mineralized bone girdle, osteoid - a bone substance formation precursor, between the octacalcium phosphate granule and the bone.
Conclusion. The results of the experimental study allow us to conclude that the customized tissue-engineered construct developed by us contributes to bone grafting.

Relevance. Quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) is widely used to diagnose the enamel condition during various dental interventions and allows for quick, objective and noninvasive assessment of the patient's oral hygiene status and follow-up of enamel de- and remineralization level.
Materials and methods. The QLF technique used by the study increases the visual contrast between sound and diseased oral tissues when various (organic) substances in the mouth absorb light of a certain wavelength (different colours) and then re-emit the absorbed energy at a different wavelength. Filtration of illuminating light gives a fluorescent image or a QLF image. In a clinical setting, we used a QLF equipment set, namely, the Q-ray clinical software; Qraycam pro camera for full-arch imaging; Qraypen C intraoral camera; Qscan plus.
Results. QLF was an additional tool for a practising dentist or dental hygienist, which allowed for the detection of the pathological process at the earliest stage, assisting in the diagnosis of the dental enamel condition, the detection of plaque without disclosing agents and assessment of its exact amount, contributing to the identification of hidden foci of enamel demineralization and carious lesions, cracks, tartar and oral hygiene evaluation.
The analyzed data show the very high efficiency of the performed therapy with the 'R.O.C.S. medical 0+' remineralizing gel. The objective QLF data fully confirm the external elimination of white spots, and their almost complete disappearance is noted.
Conclusion. Quantitative light-induced fluorescence and its parameters are essential not only for understanding the effectiveness of the applied techniques for bleaching, microabrasion, remineralization and other manipulations but also for their safety for dental enamel.

Relevance. In patients with comorbidities, the barrier resistance of periodontal tissues decreases due to oral homeostasis damage, which increases the severity of inflammatory periodontal diseases and needs the interaction of dentists and internists to develop common approaches to such patients' treatment and management.
Aim. The study aimed to study the periodontal and oral hygiene indices and the oral fluid mineral composition in dental patients with comorbidity.
Materials and methods. The study examined 63 dental patients with comorbidities: coronary artery disease, chronic gastritis, chronic nephritis, and chronic sinusitis. The Green-Vermillion oral hygiene index (OHI-S) detected the oral hygiene status, and the CPITN index of the WHO and the PMA index revealed the periodontal status. Electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy using QUANTUM.Z1 graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer determined the amount of calcium, magnesium, zinc and copper in the oral f luid.
Results. Patients with coronary artery disease and chronic nephritis demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in oral hygiene associated with severe periodontal inflammation. Analysis of the oral fluid mineral composition showed that patients with coronary artery disease had decreased calcium, magnesium and zinc levels. The chronic nephritis patients had a copper and zinc decrease in the oral fluid. In patients with chronic gastritis, there was a lack of magnesium and copper in the oral fluid. The patients with chronic sinusitis showed a decrease in copper.
Conclusions. Dental professionals should consider patient systemic diseases and oral fluid mineral composition at a dental appointment, during treatment and during preventive measures prescription.

Relevance. Tooth extraction is the most common operation in oral surgery practice. For oroantral communication (OAC) treatment and prevention as one of the surgery complications, it is paramount to study the prevalence of anatomical risk factors for OAC in patients based on their facial sk eleton type.
Materials and Methods. We analyzed 1629 cone-beam CT scans of patients aged 18 to 85 years of both sexes to determine the potential risk of OAC in patients with different types of the facial skeleton.
Results. The overall assessment of OAC potential risk demonstrated a high risk in 29.7% of cases (4514 teeth) (p < 0.01). The high-risk group determined teeth most often in patients with a mesoprosopic type of facial skeleton – 31.2% of cases (2912 teeth), in euryprosopic – 29.46% (914 teeth), in leptoprosopic – 24.96% of cases, (688 teeth), (p < 0.01). The potential risk of the first and second molar OAC was the highest of all teeth in all facial skeleton types (p < 0.01).
Conclusion. A potentially high OAC risk of about 30% can be related to the upper teeth, located in the maxillary sinus floor area in patients with any facial skeleton type, though the risk is higher in meso- and euryprosopic types (p < 0.01). Among all groups of teeth, the highest potential risk of OAC (up to 40%, p < 0.01) is in the maxillary 1st and 2nd molar region in any facial sk eleton type.

Relevance. The isolation of prosthetic periodontitis among inflammatory periodontal pathology has significantly supplemented the generally accepted notions of dentists concerning the etiology and progression of dental prosthetics complications. Improving the methods of preventing inflammatory periodontal lesions caused by the presence of denture structures in the oral cavity is very relevant nowadays, especially in persons using removable dental prostheses. This applies to older age groups, which for financial reasons are more accessible removable acrylic dentures, which they have the opportunity to get at the expense of the budget of the region.
Aim. This applies to those in the older age groups who, for financial reasons, have more access to removable acrylic dentures because of the possibility of obtaining dentures at the expense of the regional budget. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the possibility of using a new domestic denture fixation cream for the prevention of prosthetic periodontitis in patients using removable dentures.
Materials and methods. 63 (18 male and 45 female) elderly patients (61-74 years old) with partial tooth loss on both jaws were examined. Partial removable acrylic dentures were made for patients 1st group (n = 30) and 2nd group (n = 33). The patients of the second group constantly used the domestic ASEPTA РARODONTAL denture fixation cream with herbal extract for 9 months of the study. Assessment of the impact of dentures on the oral tissues and periodontium was carried out on the basis of clinical examination and by studying the antimicrobial potential of saliva.
Results. The use of partial removable acrylic dentures has been found to contribute to the occurrence of prosthetic periodontitis, which is associated with the technology used in their manufacture. It is possible to reduce the incidence of prosthetic periodontitis not only by timely correction of prosthesis but also by using adhesive means for fixation of prosthesis, the application of which permitted to reduce the occurrence of prosthetic periodontitis by 47,58% and to reduce the occurrence of inflammatory changes of gingiva in the restored teeth area by 16,06%. The research of the antimicrobial potential of saliva in persons who constantly used ASEPTA РARODONTAL denture fixation cream with herbal extract showed that the immune balance achieved before dental prosthetics can be maintained in the oral cavity.
Conclusion. The results of the clinical and laboratory study allow us to recommend more widely the use of adhesive means for fixation of removable dentures, including the ASEPTA PARODONTAL cream with herbal extracts.

Relevance. An increasing number of patients with colonic diseases requiring hospitalization and surgical treatment, late presentation to specialists, and the gradual ageing of the population are factors, which adversely affect the treatment outcome. In this regard, intensification is necessary yet at the disease prevention stage.
Materials and methods. The study included 45 patients with colonic diseases (CD) aged 46 to 59 years (26 men and 19 women) and the control group (CG) - 20 patients (10 men and 10 women) of the same age without gastrointestinal comorbidities. After the principal dental examination of the patient, we assessed the oral hygiene condition using the Oral Hygiene Index – Green – Vermillion Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) (1964).
Results. Our analysis of the oral hygiene level, determined using the OHI-s (Green-Vermillion index), showed a higher index score among patients with colon problems than in CG. The oral hygiene assessment showed poor oral hygiene condition on average, according to the Green-Vermillion index, in the group of middle-aged patients with large-intestine diseases.
Conclusion. Patients with large-intestine diseases are recommended to strengthen the complex of oral care and regularly visit a dentist to avoid untimely detection and progression of oral diseases in these patients.