Relevance. Modern data confirm multimicrobial etiology of oral malodor that can significantly compromise effective therapy. Thus, it is relevent to perform comprehensive study of causes of oral malodour, based on microbiological study of composition of mixed microbial biofilms including culturable and non-culturable microbes and evaluation of efficacy of mouth rinses with broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents.

Purpose. To study oral microbiota in oral malodor and its correction with antibacterial mouth rinses.

Materials and methods. Subjects, involved in the study, were divided into 3 groups, each having 20 people. Controls didn’t use mouth rinses; experimental group used mouth rinse, containing multicidum; in comparison group chlorhxidine containing mouth rinse was used. Orgnoleptic measurement based on 0-5 Rosenberg scale was applied to score intensity of oral malodor. Coating of the root of the tongue was studied by culture-based methods.

Results. The research showed that Multicidum^® mouth rinse in comprehensive oral malodor treatment affects aerobic bacteria involved in the pathologic process causing bad breath. Positive effect manifested itself organoleptically according to Rosenberg scale in foul breath reduction and in composition changes of microbiota of the root of the tongue. At thus, amount of microorganisms producing smelly volatile compounds decreased and the number of bacteria inhibiting this process increased amid reduction of spore-forming bacteria that contribute to maintenance of stable microbial communities in oral malodor.

Conclusion. Gram-positive cocci and Bacillus-Streptococcus, Enterobacter, Staphylococcus, Granulicatella adiacens, Rothia and aerobic spore-forming bacteria from the Bacillus family that are involved in maintaining the functions of resistant bacterial communities-predominated among the bacteria identified in patients with halitosis. There was a statistically significant decrease in the severity of halitosis under the action of a rinse aid, the main active substance of which is Multicidum , and the absence of a statistically significant effect when using a rinse aid based on chlorhexidine.

Relevance. The restoration of a high-quality anatomical and functional contact point of teeth plays an important role in preventing the development of localized forms of periodontal disease.

Purpose. Development of recommendations for qualitative anatomical restoration of the contact point of teeth for the prevention of localized forms of periodontal diseases.

Materials and methods. In our study, which consisted of pre-clinical and clinical stages, were analyzed 50 CT scan of the chewing group teeth calculated the ratio of approximal surfaces of molars and premolars to the width of their crowns and computer simulations of the results of restoration of contact point. We also conducted a comparative analysis of wedges of different material with different cross-sectional shapes. At the clinical stage, the restoration of the contact point of teeth in patients according to our recommendations was carried out.

Results. On the basis of the data obtained during the study, a formula for calculating the height and size of the restored contact point was compiled. Recommendations for anatomical restoration of the contact point are formulated.

Conclusion. The application of the recommendations developed by us allows anatomically qualitatively restore the contact point and prevent the development of localized periodontal diseases.

Relevance. The complex of actions for decrease in growth of diseases of the maxillofacial region includes the reorganization of the mouth, creating an individual program for hygiene and prevention. Among the large number of types of therapeutic and preventive hygiene products for patients with neuropsychiatric disorders, given the burdened somatic status, the program should include safe for use basic and additional means.

Purpose. Comparative assessment of oral fluid microorganisms in patients with psychoneurotic disorders before and after 6 months of using toothpastes with the enzyme «bromelain».

Materials and methods. A comparative analysis of the oral fluid microflora in patients with high intensity and activity of the cariosity, with positive (psychoneurological disorders) anamnesis and without comorbidities has been carried out. The mouths of all studied patients were sanitized, and a program of personal oral hygiene using hygienic toothpastes and with the enzyme «bromelain» was developed.

Results. The conducted research does not prove the bactericidal effect of the enzyme «bromelain» on oral microflora, however, a significant decrease of the total number of viable bacteria, changes in the species composition, and the degree of hemolecular properties indicates an indirect bacteriostatic effect of this enzyme in the composition of the toothpastes, which can be considered as a positive effect on the decrease of caries activity in patients with «negative» dental status (caries intensity index > 9, hygiene index by the method of Yu.A. Fedorov and V.V. Volodkina > 2 points, 3rd degree of caries activity by T.F. Vinogradova), including in patients with psychoneurological disorders.

Conclusion. The use of enzyme «bromelain» in toothpastes in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders contributes not only to the safe and intensive cleavage of soft plaque, but also to a positive effect on the microbiota of the oral fluid, which is a favorable prognostic criterion for reducing the activity of the carious process.

Relevance. The subject of the research is to compare different functional methods for determining the optimal position of the mandible.

Purpose. To find the advantages and disadvantages of using various functional diagnostic methods to determine the optimal position of the mandible.

Materials and methods. We conducted a literature review of the functional methods for determining the optimal position of the mandible in the treatment of patients with temporomandibular disorders. Nowadays different methods are used, such as anatomical and physiological method, bilateral manipulation, front deprogrammer, graphic method, aksiography, kineziography, TENS et al.

Results. The method of bimanual manipulation and frontal deprogrammer determine the central relation when TMJ pathology is not expressed and the load test is negative. The graphic method evaluates the function of the temporomandibular joint, determines the optimal position of the mandible. TENS moves the lower jaw to a position of physiological rest. Kinesiography and Axiography determine the temporomandibular disorders and we can use them to dynamically monitor patients at all stages of treatment, monitor the determination of the optimal position of the mandible.

Conclusion. From the results of this study, we can conclude that there are a lot of methods of functional diagnostics of TMJ, which help to determine the optimal position of the mandible. Everybody can choose their own set of methods, that let reduce the number of non-examined patients with temporomandibular disorders.

Relevance. Medical and dental personnel suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus are susceptible to changes in tissues, periodontal, oral mucosa, and also make oral hygiene, which makes treatment of major dental diseases ineffective, as well as worsening of ongoing periodontal and oral mucosa diseases.

Purpose. Study the condition of periodontal tissues and oral mucosa of adults suffering from T2DM, including during dynamic monitoring by a dentist in the conditions of centralized treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus at the “Stomatological polyclinic № 29” of Frunzensky district, St. Petersburg.

Materials and methods. 362 middle-aged women who were divided into 3 groups were examined. The 1st (control) group included 127 people who were practically healthy in their psychosomatic status. The 2nd group included 103 people suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), who were visited by a dentist for treatment. The 3rd group consisted of 132 people, which took place over 2.5-3 years, were under dynamic observation by a dentist who treats patients with diabetes mellitus. During clinical trials, patients studied periodontology using methods of generally accepted methods of periodontology.

Results. It was found that people with diabetes suffer from diabetes at the stomatological polyclinic number 29 of the Frunze district. St. Petersburg, with the usually observed 100% prevalence of periodontal inflammatory pathology and the high severity of its ducts, was overwhelmingly sanitized (95.45%), there are good individual oral hygiene (0.58 ± 0.18) and low need for in addition to gingivitis and periodontitis (17.42%), unlike people suffering from type 2 diabetes and visiting a dentist for treatment, where the need for inflammatory periodontal pathology is 100%.

Conclusion. Created on the basis of dental clinic number 29 St. Petersburg. The dental care center for people suffering from T2DM syndrome showed that with early access to dental care and with their dynamic observation, it is possible to achieve a good level of dental health with a satisfactory aesthetic nature of the dentition and chewing functions.

Relevance. The relevance of the work is determined by the fact that the efforts of doctors seeking to minimize damage that occur against the background of infectious load and deformation of periodontal tissues do not lead to a decrease in the prevalence and intensity of periodontitis. At present, it is not known how the kinetics of microorganisms increases to the semen, allowing it to overcome the pressure of the gingival fluid that is filtered through periodontal fibers.

Purpose. Since infection plays the main role in the occurrence and development of periodontitis, the aim of the work is to search for hydrodynamic mechanisms that complement the etiopathogenesis of periodontitis and explain the difficulties of its treatment.

Materials and methods. The article discusses the existence of biota in film – static and plankton – dynamic forms. As a result of a review of literature data, it is proved that the transition of biota from one form to another is determined by a wide range of factors, the most relevant of which is the quality of the environment. Staying in a biota habitat optimal for life, it transforms into a planktonic form of existence, which allows it to colonize the deeper sections of the periodontium. Colonization of surfaces is possible by diffusion, i.e. leveling the concentration of microorganisms in available volumes of biological fluids. This aspect of the etiopathogenesis of periodontal diseases is called “hydrodynamic”. Separation of the hydrodynamic aspect allows us to consider the pressure gradient in the volume of the gingival sulcus as a factor determining the direction of filtration of biological fluids.

Results. It was not possible to identify well known hydrodynamic mechanisms, that explain the possibility of microorganisms reaching the deep parts of the periodontium.

Conclusion. The article presents arguments showing that biological laws linking the quality of the environment with the dynamics of increasing population numbers do not work in the area of the periodontal sulcus, or their action is blocked by laws of a different nature. Discussing the planktonic (dynamic) form of the existence of biota, based on the laws of hydrodynamics, taking into account the type of tooth movement, it becomes possible to substantiate the hydrodynamic mechanism of reaching the deep departments of periodontal biota, to clarify preventive and therapeutic measures aimed at reducing the incidence of periodontal diseases.

Relevance. Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment of dental anomalies using braces have a high risk of developing inflammatory periodontal diseases, the occurrence of which is caused by an insufficient level of hygienic oral care and orthodontic apparatus. The quality of preventive measures during the period of orthodontic treatment affects the structure and prevalence of inflammatory periodontal diseases due to the low awareness of patients, their non-observance of the doctor’s instructions for hygiene measures, lack of hygiene quality monitoring and its correction during treatment [1-5, 7, 9].

Purpose. The purpose of the research was studying the prevalence of periodontal diseases and its structure among orthodontic patients, taking into account the fixed appliances used.

Materials and methods. 79 patients undergoing orthodontic treatment were involved in the study, they were divided into 4 age groups. In all groups, an inspection was conducted to determine the prevalence and intensity of the periodontal disease. From the outpatient records of dental patients, form «043/y», data was extracted. The intensity of periodontal diseases was determined using the communal periodontal index (CPI), the papillary-marginal-alveolar index (PMA), the gingival sulcus bleeding index (SBI), complex periodontal index ICP were also determined [19-22].

Results. As a result of the study, a high prevalence of periodontal disease was established in patients with bracket systems, which was 84,81±6.12%, in the first group it was 77.78%, in the second group this indicator was equal to 81.25%, and in the third and fourth groups – 85.72% and 91.67%, respectively.

Conclusion. The results obtained revealed a high prevalence of periodontal disease in orthodontic patients, which necessitates an improvement in the quality of dental health in this groups by means of dental education and improved hygienic procedures.

Relevance. The relevance of the problem is in the high prevalence of the herpes simplex virus. According to WHO, nearly 90% of the population are carriers. Relapses can occur several times a year, which leads to disability and impairs the quality of life. Currently, there are a large number of drugs for general and local treatment. However, they are toxic and can cause allergic reactions. In recent years, a large number of studies have been devoted to the use of lasers in the treatment of dental diseases. Therefore, the question of the use of a laser in the treatment of herpetic lesions of the oral cavity remains relevant.

Purpose. The research purpose was to determine the effectiveness of the use of a diode laser in the treatment of herpetic lesions of the lips.

Materials and methods. We conducted a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of the use of a diode laser in monotherapy of herpetic lip lesions in 18 patients. The comparison group consisted of 18 patients, in the local treatment of which antiviral ointments were used.

Results. The results of the study showed that the use of a diode laser can reduce treatment time, accelerate the epithelization of foci.

Conclusion. The results of our study allow us to recommend the use of a diode laser in the complex treatment of herpetic lesions of the oral cavity.

Relevance. Inflammatory periodontal diseases (IPD) on the background of microangiopathy among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are considered one of the main complications. Reduced resistance of periodontal tissues and trophic disorders due to changes in capillary walls leads to development of inflammatory processes with the destruction of gingival joint. The presence of diabetes mellitus in patients with chronic generalized periodontitis requires not only conservative periodontal therapy by a dentist, but also constant maintenance therapy, which consists in the ability of patient to maintain satisfactory oral hygiene and the use of therapeutic and prophylactic toothpastes.

Purpose. To evaluate the effectiveness of using toothpastes with anti-inflammatory components among pa-tients with chronic generalized periodontitis and type 1 diabetes after professional oral hygiene complex.

Materials and methods. The examination of 60 patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 and chronic generalized periodontitis at the age of 20 to 50 years was conducted. All patients underwent a questionnaire on the presence of complaints about state of the oral cavity and a comprehensive dental examination with definition of basic dental indices. Then, a complex of professional oral hygiene with individual hygiene training was carried out. Patients were divided into groups depending on the prescribed paste with anti-inflammatory components. Repeated examination was carried out after 1 month.

Results. In 1 month after conservative therapy was carried out, improvement of all indexes in all groups, improvement of the acid-base state of the oral fluid was found. Patients themselves noted a better way change in state of oral cavity tissues. The best dynamics after treatment complex was observed in the 1st group.

Conclusion. Hygienic and periodontal condition of the oral cavity among patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 was initially at a rather low level. It has been revealed that complex of professional oral hygiene and prescription of therapeutic and prophylactic toothpaste improve periodontal status of patients with diabetes.

Relevance. Margin line of preparated tooth may be located on different height above gingival level, during prothetic treatment. Preparation below gingival level is always traumatic that effects on microcirculation of gingiva.

Purpose. To estimate the time of normalization of periodontal microcirculation with different location margin line above gingival level.

Materials and methods. We selected 3 groups of 30 patients who had their teeth prepared for full artificial crowns with making circular 135 degrees’ chamfer: on the level gingival margin, below the level of the gingival margin, and with surgical correction of the gingival margin. The microcirculation of the marginal periodontium was estimated by using laser Doppler flowmetry before preparation and at various times after.

Results. In group 1 and 2 the normalization of hemodynamic parameters occurred in 21 days after preparation, and in group 3 – after 6 months.

Conclusion. Taking into account the results we can suggest the optimal time for getting working impressions: when preparing teeth without surgical correction of the gingival margin – in 21 days, and with gingivectomy – after 6 months.

Relevance. Tooth splints used to immobilize lower jaw fragments lead to the progression of periodontitis.

Purpose. To study changes in periodontal tissues in patients with fractures of the lower jaw during immobilization with dentitional double jaw splints.

Materials and methods. Patients with periodontitis during the treatment of fractures of the lower jaw were examined.

Results. In patients with periodontitis who have a fracture of the lower jaw, inflammatory and destructive processes in periodontal tissues progress during the immobilization of fragments by the orthopedic method (tooth splints).

Conclusion. Comprehensive treatment of periodontitis in fractures of the lower jaw, including dynamic magnetotherapy (DMT) and the treatment of periodontal pockets with liniment of cycloferon, reduces the severity of inflammatory and destructive processes in periodontal tissues.

Relevance. The prevalence of periodontal diseases among the population of different countries remains at a high level every year. The study of pathogenetic mechanisms of the disease and the search for effective treatment methods for patients with chronic generalized periodontitis remain relevant. Important in the pathogenetic treatment of periodontitis are methods aimed at normalizing hemodynamics in periodontal tissues. Physiotherapeutic methods of treatment are widely used. Today, a large number of modern physiotherapy equipment has appeared on the dental market. However, in the budget health care institutions of the Udmurt Republic, the staffing of routine devices remains quite high.

Purpose. The aim is to study the hemodynamic parameters of periodontal tissues in the dynamics of treatment of patients with chronic generalized periodontitis using routine and innovative methods of physical therapy.

Materials and methods. The study was conducted in 500 patients with chronic generalized periodontitis of moderate severity. Аll the examined patients were divided into 5 groups of 100 people each: in the control group, only professional hygiene was performed using ultrasound and zone – specific scalers; in the first main group, after professional hygiene, a course of physiotherapy was prescribed using a Picasso led laser with a wavelength of 810 nm; the second main group course of physical treatment of periodontitis conducted by the device “ОzoneDTA”; in the first group comparison physiotherapy treatment included the effect on the tissues of the periodontal apparatus “Optodan”, and the second comparison group used darsonvalization unit “Iskra-1”. Professional hygiene was performed once every 3 months, and physical therapy was performed once every 6 months for 12 months of follow-up. The monitoring of clinical indicators was carried out in time: before treatment, 3.6 and 12 months after the start of follow-up. Microcirculation of periodontal tissues during physiotherapy was evaluated by photoplethysmography using the method of Z. M. Segal (1984) with a computer device.

Results. It was found that during physiotherapy treatment, microcirculation in periodontal tissues increases in the nearest time (after a week and 3 months), while maintaining stable hemodynamics for 12 months of follow-up, while in the control group, where physiotherapy was not performed, but professional hygiene was prolonged once every 3 months, improvement of hemodynamics was noted only at the end of the follow-up period-in a year. The most favorable clinical indicators were also observed in the groups where the devices were used during treatment. Аfter 12 months, especially significant differences were observed in the PMA index.

Conclusion. Physiotherapy methods help to increase hemodynamics in periodontal tissues. Modern physiotherapy devices – the Picasso diode laser and the Ozonedta device-have a more intensive effect on the linear systolic blood flow rate.they also significantly increase the anti-inflammatory effect of treatment of chronic generalized periodontitis in patients.

Relevance. Multiform exudative erythema is a polyetiological disease, which is characterized by damage not only to the skin, but also to the mucous membranes, mainly the mucous membrane of the oral cavity. The article reviews the literature on the clinical course of multiform exudative erythema of the oral cavity.

Purpose. Study the clinical course of erythema multiforme.

Materials and methods. We conducted a review of studies of the etiology, pathogenesis, prevalence of erythema multiforme according to domestic and foreign authors, and also reflected the identification of various forms and clinical manifestations of this disease.

Results. The analysis of clinical manifestations of erythema multiforme exudative in the oral cavity, the most common symptoms and manifestations on the oral mucosa.

Conclusion. The clinical picture of lesions of the oral mucosa in multiform exudative erythema is very diverse, which is important for the timely diagnosis of the disease.

Relevance. Getting acquainted with biographies and scientific works of prominent figures of medicine of the past years, you can find not only interesting facts from history, but also analogies with modernity, answers to many clinical problems of medicine today.

Purpose. To present the contribution to dentistry of academician Fyodor Ivanovich Komarov, in connection with his death on January 25, 2020.

Materials and methods. Based on the analysis of the life, professional activity and scientific works of the academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor Fyodor Ivanovich Komarov, it was necessary to identify studies on the dental aspects of modern medicine and health care.

Results. Illuminated the scientific, clinical, pedagogical and public activity of the scientist, Clinician, teacher and public figure, an outstanding figure of Russian and world medicine of Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of USSR State prize, honored scientist of Russia, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, doctor of medical Sciences, Professor, Colonel-General of medical services of Fedor Ivanovich Komarov. Special attention is paid to the little-known areas of his research in the field of dentistry.

Conclusion. Scientific works of F. I. Komarov were included in the gold Fund not only in the world and domestic military medicine, gastroenterology, cardiology, pulmonology, biorhythmology, gerontology, geriatrics, but also in a number of other scientific areas of medicine and health care, including dentistry.